Table 5.
Association between fasting serum BCAA concentration and incident all-cause mortality at 0Y and 14Y using combined variables comprising hypertension (HT) and/or antihypertensive drugs, or diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or hypoglycaemic drugs *.
| Variable | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Baseline (0Y) | ||||||
| Age | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.1 (1.09–1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.1 (1.09–1.11) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | 1.56 (1.35–1.80) | <0.0001 | 1.56 (1.35–1.8) | <0.0001 | 1.53 (1.32–1.76) | <0.0001 |
| BMI | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.31 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.27 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.19 |
| Previous smoking | 1.30 (1.13–1.49) | 0.0003 | 1.3 (1.13–1.5) | 0.0003 | 1.31 (1.14–1.51) | 0.0002 |
| Active smoking | 1.98 (1.59–2.47) | <0.0001 | 2.03 (1.63–2.53) | <0.0001 | 2.09 (1.68–2.61) | <0.0001 |
| Frailty index | 14.48 (6.79–30.89) | <0.0001 | 5.34 (2.19–13.05) | 0.0002 | 3.86 (1.53–9.75) | 0.0043 |
| eGFR | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | <0.0001 |
| log(BCAA)† | 0.58 (0.39–0.87) | 0.0090 | 0.47 (0.31–0.7) | 0.0003 | 0.46 (0.31–0.7) | 0.0002 |
| HT and antihypertensive drugs | - | - | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | 0.10 | - | - |
| DM and hypoglycaemic drugs | - | - | 1.65 (1.38–1.96) | <0.0001 | - | - |
| HT or antihypertensive drugs | - | - | - | - | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 0.024 |
| DM or hypoglycaemic drugs | - | - | - | - | 1.62 (1.39–1.9) | <0.0001 |
| 14Y | ||||||
| Age | 1.10 (1.04–1.15) | 0.0002 | 1.1 (1.05–1.15) | 0.0002 | 1.1 (1.04–1.15) | 0.0002 |
| Sex | 1.70 (1.03–2.79) | 0.037 | 1.63 (0.99–2.68) | 0.053 | 1.61 (0.97–2.66) | 0.065 |
| BMI (baseline) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.15 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.18 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.15 |
| Previous smoking (baseline) | 1.22 (0.74–2.00) | 0.43 | 1.26 (0.77–2.06) | 0.37 | 1.23 (0.75–2.02) | 0.42 |
| Active smoking (baseline) | 2.46 (1.12–5.38) | 0.025 | 2.67 (1.21–5.87) | 0.015 | 2.67 (1.2–5.92) | 0.016 |
| Frailty index (baseline) | 8.42 (0.37–189.70) | 0.18 | 1.61 (0.04–65.75) | 0.80 | 2.5 (0.05–120.87) | 0.65 |
| eGFR | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <0.0001 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.0002 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.0001 |
| log(BCAA) † | 0.16 (0.04–0.61) | 0.0069 | 0.15 (0.04–0.55) | 0.0045 | 0.15 (0.04–0.58) | 0.0056 |
| HT and antihypertensive drugs (baseline) | - | - | 1.6 (1–2.55) | 0.049 | - | - |
| DM and hypoglycaemic drugs (baseline) | - | - | 1.06 (0.53–2.11) | 0.87 | - | - |
| HT or antihypertensive drugs (baseline) | - | - | - | - | 1.35 (0.83–2.21) | 0.21 |
| DM or hypoglycaemic drugs (baseline) | - | - | - | - | 1.01 (0.53–1.92) | 0.97 |
BCAA, branched-chain amino acid. BMI, body mass index. DM, diabetes mellitus. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. HR, hazard ratio. HT, hypertension.* Of 2997 and 860 available participants included in the 0Y and 14Y analysis, 1235 and 100 died, respectively, from all causes. a Model 1 = log(BCAA) as the independent variable, and adjusted for age, sex, BMI, frailty, smoking status (previous and active smoking), frailty index and eGFR. b Model 2 = Model 1 + additionally adjusted for combined variables, (HT and antihypertensive drugs) and (DM and hypoglycaemic drugs). c Model 3 = Model 1 + additionally adjusted for combined variables, (HT or antihypertensive drugs) and (DM or hypoglycaemic drugs). † Each 1 unit increase in HR on log scale is approximately equivalent to 2.718 times increase in BCAA level.