Figure 2.

Effects of MMMM on Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis in in vitro AD models. PC12 cells were pretreated with MMMM (10 μg/mL, MMMM-L; 100 μg/mL, MMMM-H) for 16 h and further treated with 50 μM ZnCl₂ for 3 h. Using the in vitro AD model, the effects of MMMM on dynamics of ongoing apoptosis were evaluated by (A) TUNEL assay and (B) the following quantification. After cells underwent FACS and the corresponding kits for detecting fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated to Annexin V/7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD), the resulting (C) scatter plots and (D) quantitative graphs were obtained. In all graphs, *** p < 0.001 vs. Cont; ^### p < 0.001 vs. Zn²⁺; and ^δ p < 0.05 vs. MMMM-L. Data are represented as the mean ± standard deviation. TUNEL, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling; FACS, an automated fluorescence-activated cell sorting.