M. bovis activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. (A) IL-1β production in bovine macrophages treated with CRID3 (1, 10, and 100 µM) for 2 h before LPS stimulation (300 ng/mL). (B) IL-1β production in bovine macrophages treated with 10 µM CRID3 for 2 h before stimulation with 100 µg/mL of culture filtrate extract (CFPE) per 1 × 106 cells or Mycobacterium bovis MOI 10:1. Results are shown as the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments, each with three internal replicas. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences between cells treated with LPS, M. bovis, or CFPE versus cells treated with CRID3 and LPS, M. bovis, or CFPE, respectively. **** p value ≤ 0.0001.