Table 2.

Summary of clinical studies employing immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Phase	Cancer Type	Patient N	Treatment	Timing	Citation
I	Glioblastoma	21	ICI + GT	IPP	[62]
III	Melanoma	676	ICI	Non-IPP	[108]
III	Melanoma	418	ICI + CT	Non-IPP	[109]
I/II	Melanoma, NSCLC	1260	ICI	Non-IPP	[110]
Ib	Metastatic melanoma	655	ICI	Non-IPP	[111]
III	Bladder	317	CT	Non-IPP	[114]
III	Esophageal	368	CT + RT	Non-IPP	[115]
III	NSCLC	505	ICI + CT	Non-IPP	[117]
II	NSCLC	44	ICI	Non-IPP	[118]
I	Melanoma	27	ICI	IPP	[119]

Summary of clinical trials mentioned in the above section employing ICIs during the IPP. ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; GT, gene therapy; CT, chemotherapy; RT, radiotherapy; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; IPP, immediate perioperative period.