Table 2.
The roles of different body fluid biomarkers in diagnosis prognosis and treatment of uveal melanoma.
| Sample Type | Biomarker(s) | Type of Molecules | Significancve in Diagnosis and Prognosis | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aqueous humor | IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IP-10, PGF-1, MCP-1, NGF-β, EGF, b-FGF, PDGF-AA, VEGF-A, RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TNF-α, eotaxin | cytokines, growth factors | significantly higher in UM than cataract | [122,123,124,126] |
| aqueous humor | IL-8, MCP-1, angiogenin | cytokines, growth factors | differentiate between UM and benign ocular tumors | [125] |
| vitreous humor | Flt-3 ligand, IL-6, IL7, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, PDGF-AA, VEGF | cytokines, growth factors | significantly higher in UM than cataract | [126] |
| aqueous humor | IP-10, MIP-1α | cytokines, growth factors | positive correlation with UM-tumor dimensions | [126] |
| vitreus humor | IP-10, MIP-1α, FLT3LG, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 | cytokines, growth factors | positive Correlation with UM-tumor dimensions | [126] |
| aqueous humor | sHLA | antigen | metastases, worse survival | [127] |
| aqueous humor | VEGF-A and PLGF | growth factors | positive correlation with tumor thickness and increaly expressed after the surgery | [128] |
| aqueous humor | IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β | growth factors | increased expression after Ru-106 brachytherapy and transpupillary thermotherapy | [129] |
| aqueous humor | ANG-2 | angiognesis | metastasis | [130] |
| tears | Cystatin C | proteases inhibitor | diagnosis of UM | [131] |
| serum | LFT | enzymes and bile pigments | metastasis, but with low predictive value | [109,110,111,112] |
| serum | OPN, MIA and S-100β | tumor markers | UM hepatic metastases | [113,114,115,116] |
| exosomes | interferon-γ, IL-2, IL-22 and IL-12, Pentraxin-3, TNFSF13B and TNFSF8 | interleukins and other inflammatory-related molecules | UM metastases | [117] |
| serum | IGF-1 | growth factor | prediction of metastases | [118] |
| serum | IL-6, CRP | interleukins and inflammatory-related molecules | early detection of irAR | [119] |
ANG-2: angiogenin; 2b-FGF: b-fibroblast; CRP: C-reactive protein; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FLT3LG: Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; IP-10: interferon inducible protein-10; IL: interleukin; LFT: liver function tests; MIP-1α & MIP-1β: macrophage inflammatory protein 1α & 1β; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIF: macrophage inhibiting factor; NGF-β: nerve GF-β; PLGF-1: placental growth factor1; OPN: osteopontin; PDGF-AA: platelet-derived growth factor AA; RANTES: regulated upon activation; sHLA: soluble human leukocyte antigens; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; TNFSF13B & 8: TNF receptor superfamily member 13B & 8; VEGF-A: vascular endothelial GF-A.