Table 1.
VLP therapeutic vaccines: preclinical studies.
| Cancer Type | Cell Line | Mouse Model | Tumor Antigen | VLP Platform | Adjuvant or Combination Therapy | Type of Study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | MamBo89 (HER2-positive cell line derived from a hHER2 transgenic mouse model) | FVB (FVB/NCrl) F1 HER2/Delta16 (FVB background) | HER2 | AP205 phage | None | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [129] |
| Breast cancer | D16-BO-QD (HER2-positive cell line derived from a hHER2 transgenic mouse model) | FVB Delta16 (FVB background) |
HER2 | AP205 phage | Montanide ISA 51 | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [26] |
| Breast cancer | DDHER2 (mouse cell line expressing rat HER2) | BALB/c | CH401 (rat HER2-derived epitope) | Physalis mottle virus (PhMV) | CpG (TLR-9 agonist loaded on VLPs) | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [131] |
| Breast cancer | TuBo (HER2-positive cell line derived from a NeuT transgenic mouse model) | BALB/c | HER2 | Recombinant baculovirus (rBV) | Glycosylation patterns AddaVax Poly (I:C) | Prophylactic | [132] |
| Breast cancer | TuBo | BALB/c | GP2 (HER2/neu derived peptide) | Bacteriophage lambda (λF7) | None | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [134] |
| Breast cancer | TuBo | BALB/c | E75 (HER2-derived peptide) | λF7 | None | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [135] |
| Breast Cancer | D2F2/E2 (mouse cell line transfected with hHER2) | BALB/c | GPI-HER2 | rBV | None | Prophylactic | [136] |
| Breast cancer | TuBo 4T1 |
BALB/c | xCT | MS2 | None | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [123,133] |
| Breast cancer | 4T1 | BALB/c | IL-33 | HBcAg | None | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [146] |
| Breast cancer | 4T1 | BALB/c | P53 and MUC1 | VP2 B19 | None | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [148] |
| Breast cancer | 4T1 | BALB/c | NeoAG | Qβ | G10 (TLR-9 agonist loaded on VLPs) | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [149] |
| Melanoma | MO5 (B16-OVA) | C57BL/6 | OVA257–265 TRP2180–188 | VP1 PLPs | None | Therapeutic | [153] |
| Melanoma | N/A | HLA-A*201 Tg | Melan-A | Qβ | G10 | N/A | [154] |
| Melanoma | B16F10 | C57BL/6 C57BL/6Rag2−/− | Germiline and mutated epitopes | Qβ | B-type CpGs | Therapeutic | [150] |
| Melanoma | B16F10p33 | C57BL/6 C57BL/6Rag2−/− | p33 | CuMVT | Microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) | Therapeutic | [160] |
| Melanoma | B16-MUC1 | MUC1.Tg (C57BL/6 background) | MUC1 | Qβ | Monophosphoryl-Lipid A (MPLA) | Prophylactic | [161] |
| Melanoma | B16-OVA | C57BL/6 | OVA and gp100 | HBc | None | Therapeutic | [162] |
| Melanoma | B16-OVA | C57BL/6 | MHC I and II OVA epitopes | Human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV) | ODN 2395 MPLA poly(I:C) |
Prophylactic and therapeutic | [163] |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Panc02-mTrop2 | C57BL/6 | Trop2 | SIV | Gemtabicine | Therapeutic | [165] |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Panc02 | C57BL/6 | hMSLN | SHIV | None | Therapeutic | [166] |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Panc02 | C57BL/6 | mMSLN | SHIV | None | Therapeutic | [168] |
| Cervical cancer | TC-1 | C57BL/6 | E6 and E7 | HPV-16 L1 | None | Prophylactic and therapeutic | [171] |
| Cervical cancer | TC-1/A2 | C57BL/6 | E7 | IBDV | None | Therapeutic | [172] |
| Cervical cancer | TC-1/A2 | C57BL/6 | E6 | RDHV | None | Therapeutic | [173] |
| Cervical cancer | TC-1 | C57BL/6 | E7 | Qβ | G10 | Therapeutic | [174] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | B16-pIR-HH | HLA-A*0201/kb Tg (C57BL/6 background) | MAGE-1 MAGE-3 AFP1 AFP2 |
HBc | None | Therapeutic | [175] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | EL-4 | HLA-A*0201 Tg | HBx(115–123) HBx(92–100) HBx(140–148) HBx(52–60) | HBc | None | Prophylactic | [176] |
| Colorectal cancer | MC38-OVA | C57BL/6 | Topoisomerase IIα and survivin | RHDV VP60 | CpGs | Therapeutic | [177] |
| T cell lymphoma | RMA-MUC1 | MUC1 Tg (C57BL/6 backgroung) | MUC1 | BPV | None | Prophylactic | [178] |
N/A, not available.