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. 2023 Aug 19;24(16):12979. doi: 10.3390/ijms241612979

Figure 2.

Figure 2

SPM suppresses the expression of LPS-induced IL-1β in HaCaT cells. (a) HaCaT cells were stimulated with 25 or 50 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. RT-qPCR was used to determine mRNA expression levels. The mRNA expression level of IL-1β was normalized to GAPDH mRNA expression level. (b) Without LPS stimulation, cells were treated with 0% (vehicle control; distilled water in media), 10%, and 20% SPM for 24 h. (c) After 24 h of LPS treatment, LPS was removed, and cells were treated with 0% (vehicle control; distilled water in media), 10%, and 20% SPM for another 24 h. Error bars represent the mean ± SD. N = 3 biological replicates. * p < 0.05, as determined via One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.