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. 2023 Aug 21;18:4751–4778. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S417422

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© 2023 Zou et al.

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Strategies and applications of exosome loading cargo. (A) Direct loading cargo strategies. (B) Indirect cargo loading strategy via parental cells. (C) Exosomes loaded with curcumin via direct co-incubation for targeted anti-inflammatory therapy.¹⁶⁶ Reprinted from Sun D, Zhuang X, Xiang X, et al. A novel nanoparticle delivery system: enhanced anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol Ther. 2010;18(9):1606–1614. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. (i) Plasma circulation times of exosome-loaded curcumin and free curcumin, **P < 0.01. (ii) TNF-α and IL-6 levels in supernatants after PBS, exosomes, free curcumin and curcumin-loaded exosomes treatment of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. (D) Exosomes from MSC loaded with Dox by direct co-incubation for osteosarcoma treatment.¹⁶⁷ Reprinted from Wei H, Chen J, Wang S, et al. A Nanodrug Consisting of Doxorubicin and Exosome Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteosarcoma Treatment In Vitro. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019; 14:8603–8610. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. (i) Fluorescence intensity of exosome-loaded Dox and free Dox co-incubated with osteosarcoma cells for different times, ****P < 0.0001. (ii) Cell viability of osteosarcoma cells treated with the same concentration of free Dox and exosome-loaded Dox for 24 hours and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of free Dox and exosome-loaded Dox. (E) Treatment of CIA mice by transfection of MSC loaded to exosomes with miRNA-150-5p.¹⁷² Reprinted with permission from Chen Z, Wang H, Xia Y, Yan F, Lu Y. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Cell-Derived miRNA-150-5p-Expressing Exosomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Mediated by the Modulation of MMP14 and VEGF. J Immunol. 2018;201(8):2472–2482.www.jimmunol.org. Copyright © 2018 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. (i) Immunohistochemistry showed the expression levels of VEGF and MMP14 in the synovium after transfection of exosomes with miRNA-150-5p to treat CIA mice. (ii) The DiO-labeled MSC exosomes in the joint cavity of CIA model as shown by immunofluorescence.