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. 2023 Aug 21;24(16):13004. doi: 10.3390/ijms241613004

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) interaction. (A) VEGFB and placental growth factor (PGF) bind to VEGFR1. VEGFA binds both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. VEGFC and VEGFD bind to VEGFR3. VEGFR2 activation shows the strongest tyrosine phosphorylation and intracellular signaling. The binding of VEGFs and soluble VEGFR1 and R2 exerts an inhibitory effect. (B) The homodimerization of VEGFRs is a major format, but VEGFRs create heterodimers and even dimerize with soluble ones.