Table 1.

Clinical consequences of maternal obesity and excess weight gain in pregnancy.

Clinical Consequences of Maternal Obesity and Excess Weight Gain in Pregnancy
Maternal
Pre-conception	Higher risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and infertility.
Pregnancy	Previous metabolic diseases, gestational diabetes, hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, depression.
Delivery	Higher risk of complications, instrumental delivery, caesarean, higher anaesthetic risk.
Postpartum	Infection, depression, failure in breastfeeding, weight retention, obesity
Newborn and infant
	Macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age newborn, prematurity, shoulder dystocia, birth defects, neonatal hypoglycaemia.
Long term
	Higher risk of obesity, metabolic complications. Higher vascular risk for both the mother and offspring.