2-AG	2-arachidonoyl-glycerol
AA	acetaldehyde
Acetyl	acetyl-Coenzyme A
ACC	CoA acyl Co-A carboxylase
ACE-2	angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
ACL	ATP citrate lyase
ACTA-2	α-actin 2
ADH	alcohol dehydrogenase
ALDH AH	acetaldehyde dehydrogenase alcoholic hepatitis
AIH	autoimmune hepatitis
ALD	alcoholic liver disease
ALI	acute liver injury
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
ALT	alanine aminotransferase (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, GPT)
AMA	anti-mitochondrial antibody
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate activated kinase
ANA	antinuclear antibody
AST	aspartate aminotransferase (glutamic-oxalic- transaminase, GOT)
ASH	alcoholic steatohepatitis
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BMI	body mass index
CCK	caspase cleaved cytokeratin (8 & 18)- M30-M 65
C2H5OH	ethyl alcohol, ethanol
CoA	coenzyme A
COL1A1	collagen 1A1
CPT-1	carnitin-palmitoyl-transferase1
CXCL	chemokine
CYP2E1	cytochrome P4502E1
DAMPs	danger-associated molecular patterns
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
EGF	epithelial growth factor
Egr-1	early growth response 1
FA	fatty acids
FABP	fatty acid binding protein
FASN	fatty acid synthetase
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
FFA	free fatty acid
FL	fatty liver
FN1	fibronectin 1
GGT	γ-glutamyl-transferase
GSH	glutathione
H3K9	tri-methylation of lysine 9 of histone 3
HER	hydroxyethyl radical
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
ICD	International Classification of Diseases
IFN	interferon
IL	interleukine
LPB	LPS binding protein
LPS	lipopolysaccharides
KC	Kupfer cells
MAA	malondialdehyde
MAFLD	metabolic associated fatty liver disease
MEOS	microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
Mean ± SD	mean ± standard deviation
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
NAD+	nicotin-amide-adenine dinucleotide
NADH	nicotin-amide-adenine dinucleotide-hydrogen
NADP+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADPH	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NRF2	nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2
PAMP	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PhET	phosphatidyl ethanol
PPAR alpha	peroxisome proliferator—activated receptor alpha
PRRs	pattern-recognition receptors
PUFA	poly-unsaturated fatty acids
ROS	reactive oxygen specie
SIRT1	sirtuin 1
SRPK2	serine-arginine-rich protein kinase 2 (SRPK2)
SOCS	suppressor of cytokine signalling
SRABP1c	sterol element binding protein 1c
SREBP-1	sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1
STAT3	signal transducers and activator of transcriptor 3
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
TIMP1	TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor
TLR4	toll-like receptor 4
TNF α	tumour necrosis factor α
VLDL	very-low-density lipoproteins