Table 2.
Summary of prevalence reports of UGS by UM and hematuria in sub-Saharan Africa countries after 2018.
| Countries | Studies | Subjects | No. of Examined | Positive Rate, % by | Year of Survey |
Year of Publish |
References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UM | MicH | MacH | |||||||
| Angola | Mapping | SAC | 31,938 | 12.6 | 2018-9 | 2022 | [5] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 17,093 | 5.0 | 13.6 | 2022 | [6] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 1283 | 61.2 | 65.7 | 17.1 | 2013-4 | 2015 | [7] | |
| Benin | Mapping | SAC | 19,250 | 17.56 | 2013-5 | 2019 | [8] | ||
| Burkina Faso | Cross-sectional | SAC | 228 | 0 | 2021 | [9] | |||
| Cameroon | Cross-sectional | Men | 89 | 31.4 | 2022 | [10] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 389 | 32.6 | 24.4 | 2018 | 2021 | [11] | ||
| Cross-sectional | Community residents | 778 | 31.5 | 24.9 | 2018 | 2021 | [12] | ||
| Cross-sectional | Adults | 509 | 18.7 | 16.5 | 2019 | 2021 | [13] | ||
| Chad | Cross-sectional | SAC | 11,832 | 100 | 55 | 2015-9 | 2022 | [14] | |
| Cross-sectional | SAC + Ad | 258 | 39.2 | 58.9 | 2019 | 2022 | [15] | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | Cross-sectional | SAC | 170 | 20.6 | 2023 | [16] | |||
| Cohort/ | SAC + Ad | 12,239 | 13.1 | 2015-9 | 2022 | [17] | |||
| Cross-sectional | Ad | 901 | 1.0 | 2022 | [18] | ||||
| Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | SAC | 1171 | 12.2 | 22.5 | 2022 | [19] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 1288 | 31.6 | 32.1 | 2021-2 | 2022 | [20] | ||
| Mapping | SAC | 15,133 | 0.13 | 2.8 | 2018-9 | 2022 | [21] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC + Ad | 12,102 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 2022 | [22] | |||
| Gabon | Cross-sectional | SAC | 451 | 26.3 | 2021 | [23] | |||
| Longitudinal | SAC | 328 | 43 | 2019 | [24] | ||||
| Longitudinal | SAC | 739 | 30.3 | 2012-4 | 2018 | [25] | |||
| Gambia | Cross-sectional | SAC | 2016 | 10.2 | 18.0 | 0.5 | 2015 | 2021 | [26] |
| Mapping | SAC | 10,434 | 4.2 | 2014 | 2021 | [27] | |||
| Ghana | Cross-sectional | SAC | 336 | 12.8 | 2022 | [28] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 520 | 6.5 | 2022 | [29] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC + Ad | 114 | 22.8 | 2022 | [30] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 309 | 10.4 | 2021 | [31] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 469 | 21.1 | 2021 | [32] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC + PSAC | 493 | 1.6 | 2021 | [33] | ||||
| Kenya | Cross-sectional | Women | 534 | 3.8 | 2018 | 2022 | [34] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC + Ad | 897 | 3.2 | [35] | |||||
| Cross-sectional | Health center visitors | 451 | 15.1 | 2018 | 2020 | [36] | |||
| Madagascar | Cross-sectional | SAC | 1958 | 30.5 | 2015 | 2016 | [37] | ||
| Malawi | Cross-sectional | Fisherman | 129 | 20.9 | 2022 | [38] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 240 | 24.0 | 2019 | 2020 | [39] | |||
| Mozambique | Cross-sectional | SAC | 19,039 | 60.4 | 2011 | 2018 | [40] | ||
| Niger | Cross-sectional | SAC + Ad | 48,192 | 15.7 | 2011 | 2020 | [41] | ||
| 54,451 | 8.8 | 2015 | 2020 | [41] | |||||
| Nigeria | Cross-sectional | SAC | 250 | 15.2 | 2023 | [42] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 5514 | 7.1 | 2019 | 2022 | [43] | |||
| Cross-sectional | Pastoral community | 34.2 | 2.5 | 2022 | [44] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 279 | 67.4 | 29.7 | 2022 | [45] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 777 | 1.7 | 11.6 | 2015-6 | 2022 | [46] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC + Ad | 432 | 28.9 | 2020 | 2022 | [47] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 487 | 34.1 | 2022 | [48] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 1113 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 2021 | [49] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 2023 | 10.4 | 2021 | [50] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 466 | 19.1 | 2021 | [51] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 400 | 49.2 | 83.0 | 2021 | [52] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 400 | 17.3 | 22.0 | 2021 | [53] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 251 | 65.3 | 2018 | [54] | ||||
| Senegal | Cross-sectional | Sac | 821 | 66.7 | 2018 | 2021 | [55] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC Ad |
1285 300 |
54.2 32.0 |
2016-8 | 2020 | [56] | |||
| South Africa | Cohort | SAC | 1976 | 16.9 | 2007-8 | 2020 | [57] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 970 | 32.2 | 2010 | 2020 | [58] | |||
| South Sudan | Cross-sectional | SAC | 13,286 | 3.7 | 2016-9 | 2022 | [59] | ||
| Sudan | Longitudinal | SAC | 9.1/35.2 | 2020 | [60] | ||||
| Mapping | SAC | 100,726 | 5.2 | 2016-7 | 2019 | [61] | |||
| Tanzania | Cross-sectional | SAC + PSAC | 20,389 | 7.4 | 9.3 | 0.3 | 2019 | 2022 | [62] |
| Hospital | Women | 216 | 2.3 | 2021 | 2022 | [63] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 396 | 5.8 | 2022 | [64] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 649 | 52.7 | 46.2 | 13.1 | 2021 | 2022 | [65] | |
| Cross | PSAC | 385 | 16.9 | 17.9 | 6 | 2021 | 2022 | [66] | |
| Cross-sectional | Adolescents | 433 | 15.9 | 3.0 | 2022 | [67] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 1288 | 31.6 | 32.1 | 2021-2 | 2022 | [68] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 389 | 6.9 | 9.5 | 1.3 | 2022 | [69] | ||
| Cross-sectional | SAC+ PSAC | 1560 | 0.83 | 0.9 | 2021 | [70] | |||
| Cross-sectional | Women RA | 426 | 4.5 | 2019 | 2020 | [71] | |||
| Mapping | Population-based subjects | 17,280 | 5.3 | 2006-7 | 2020 | [72] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC Adult |
39,207 18,155 |
5.4 2.7 |
6.5 |
2013-6 | 2018 | [73] | ||
| Zambia | Cross-sectional | SAC | 173 | 3.5 | 2022 | [74] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 421 | 9.7 | 2022 | [75] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 243,148 | 61 | 2020 | [76] | ||||
| Zimbabwe | Cross-sectional | PSAC | 136 | 22.1 | 2022 | [77] | |||
| Cross-sectional | Pregnant women | 4437 | 10.6 | 24.4 | 2021 | [78] | |||
| Longitudinal | PSAC | 204 | 19.6 | 2019 | 2021 | [79] | |||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 361 | 26.8 | 2020 | [80] | ||||
| Cross-sectional | SAC | 12,656 | 17.6 | 2010-1 | 2020 | [81] | |||
| Cross-sectional | PSAC | 416 | 35.1 | 2020 | [82] | ||||
UGS = urogenital schistosomiasis, UM = urine microscopy, MicH = microhematuria, MacH = macrohematuria, SAC = school-aged children, Ad = adults, PSAC = school-aged children.