Table 1.

Salivary biomarkers and tests currently in use.

Salivary Biomarker	Method	Pathological Condition	Reference
Alfa-amylase	Enzymatic colorimetric Chromolytic assay	Diabetes mellitus Renal diseases Physical exercise CVD	[27,28,29,30]
Glucose	Colorimetric assay Enzymatic colorimetric with guaiacol diazo derivative Luminescent method LC-MS GC-MS	Diabetes mellitus Arterial hypertension CVD Caries Periodontitis Obesity	[27,31,32,33,34,35]
Calcium	LC-MS GC-MS	Caries Periodontitis Arterial hypertension Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Diabetes mellitus	[14,36,37,38,39]
Magnesium	LC-MS GC-MS	Caries Periodontitis Diabetes mellitus	[36,38,39]
Testosterone	ELISA CLIA LC-MS/MS Radioimmunoassay Different HPLC-MS/MS	Periodontitis Diabetes mellitus Obesity	[40,41,42,43,44,45,46]
C-reactive protein	ELISA Immuno-turbidimetric method EIA	Periodontitis Oral disorders CVD Pneumonia Metabolic disorders HIV CKD COVID-19 Rheumatic disease	[47,48,49,50,51]
Cortisol	Enzyme immunoassay Enzyme immunoassay ELISA ECLIA RIA	CVD Oxidative stress Physiological stress Metabolic syndrome Obesity	[27,41,52,53]
SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA	EIA ELISA designed for POC ELISA	COVID-19	[54,55,56]
SARS-CoV-2 antigen	Rapid Salivary Test (RST) based on the LFA Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based immunoassay	COVID-19	[57,58]
RNA SARS- CoV-2	rRT-PCR Colorimetric RT-LAMP assay Saliva-based, loop-mediated, isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology	COVID-19	[57,59,60,61]
Interleukines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10)	ELISA Bead-based Xmap Bead-based flow cytometry	Lung cancer Graft-versus-host disease Mucositits HIV OSCC CVD Rheumatic diseases	[27,51,62,63,64,65,66,67]
TNFα	ELISA Bead-based xMAP Bead-based flow cytometry	Mucostitis Lung cancer HIV Tubercolosis OSCC CVD Rheumatic diseases	[27,51,62,66,67,68,69]
INFγ	ELISA Bead-based xMAP Bead-based flow cytometry	Lung cancer HIV Tubercolosis CVD	[27,62,67,69]