Table 1.
Relevant publications on OSAHS (overlapping sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome) and CHF (congestive heart failure).
| Author | Study Design | Study Country and Published Date | Sample Size |
CHF Cases | Inferences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tang et al. [6] |
Cross-sectional | China, July 2021 |
Total = 518 OS = 74 COPD only = 222 OSA Only = 222 |
OS = 10.8% COPD only = 0.5% OSA only = 1.4% |
Patients with OS have higher rates of heart failure (10.8%) and PAH (31.1%) compared to patients with only OSA (0.5% and 4.5%, respectively) or COPD (1.4% and 17.1%, respectively). These differences are statistically significant (p < 0.01). |
| Adle et al. [7] |
A cross-sectional study utilizing prospective data from the French National Sleep Apnea Registry | France, July 2020 |
16,466 | OS = 13% OSA = 87% |
OS and OSA both possess significant burdens of concomitant metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. OS patients had a higher prevalence of heart failure (4.4% versus 2.2%; p < 0.01), stroke (4.3% versus 2.8%), coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction (13.4% versus 7.4%; p < 0.01), peripheral arteriopathy (6.0% versus 1.9%; p < 0.01), and hyperlipidemia (35.0% versus 29.7%; p < 0.01) when compared to OSA patients. |
| Tang et al. [8] |
Retrospective cohort |
China, July 2021 |
Total = 6554 OS = 192 |
Total = 43 OS = 28 COPD = 14 OSA = 1 |
Compared to patients with COPD or OSAS, people with OS had deteriorating baseline characteristics and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular illnesses, such as heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (aHR: 2.006 (1.005–4.004); p = 0.048) and heart failure (aHR: 3.067 (1.521–6.185); p = 0.002). |
| Kendzerska et al. [9] |
Prospective Cohort | Canada, September 2018 |
10,149 OS = 5% |
OS = 149 (31.5%) COPD only = 136 (17.5%) OSA only = 169 (6.7%) |
The risk of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality was highest in people with COPD and nocturnal hypoxemia. People with OS may experience more severe hypoxemia, cardiac dysrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. |
| Czerwaty et al. [10] | Systematic review (38 studies) | Poland, December 2022 |
27,064 | - | Compared to COPD alone or OSA alone, the OS diagnosis considerably increased the likelihood of developing hypertension. However, OSA was discovered to be a separate risk factor for hypertension. The OS patient had a considerably higher occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD), including myocardial infarction. |
| Bhalla et al. [11] |
Prospective cohort | India, November 2020 |
Total = 77 CHF cases | 77 | OSA was present in 50% of patients with CHF. Patients with LVEF 20–30% and NYHA class II were most likely to be affected. |
| Sharma et al. [5] |
Observational | United States, February 2013 |
Total = 18 OS = 7 COPD only = 11 |
The patients with the overlap syndrome had a greater RV mass index (RVMI) than those with COPD only (196 g/m2 compared to 116 g/m2, p = 0.02). Additionally, the overlap syndrome group had a greater RV remodeling index (RVRI) than the COPD-only group (0.27 0.06 compared to 0.18 0.08, p = 0.02). The severity of oxygen desaturation was correlated with the level of RV remodeling in overlap syndrome participants (R2 = 0.65, p = 0.03). |
|
| Chen et al. [12] |
Observational | China, February 2022 |
Total = 126 OS = 95 COPD only = 31 |
Compared to patients with COPD alone, patients with OS had worse left diastolic function and a higher risk of congestive heart failure. The severity of COPD overlapping sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome was correlated with the degree of left cardiac diastolic dysfunction. |
Abbreviations in the table—COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OS: overlap syndrome, OSA: obstructive sleep apnea, PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension.