Figure 2.

The schematic presentation illustrates the diverse array of abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, temperature, heavy metals, and radiation impacting plant growth and development. In response to these challenges, plants have evolved an array of remarkable adaptation mechanisms. These include the expression of stress-tolerant proteins, finely modulated metabolism, osmotic adjustment, stomatal closure, synthesis of vital secondary metabolites, activation of specific antioxidants, and meticulous maintenance of ionic balance. These strategies help plants confront and overcome environmental hardships. Abbreviations: late embryogenesis abundant (LEA); heat shock proteins(HSP); dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB); reactive oxygen species (ROS).