BMI	Body mass index
UPLC–QTOF-MS	Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
FDR	False-discovery-rate
BTH	Buckeye Teen Health Study
OSU	Ohio State University
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
ACN	Acetonitrile
4-NBA	4-nitrobenzoic acid
ESI	Electrospray ionization
QC	Quality control
CV	Coefficient of variation
MSTUS	Mass spectrometry total usable signal
HMDB	Human metabolome database
KEGG	Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
CV	Coefficient of variation
MetPA	Metabolomic pathway enrichment analysis
AAs	Amino acids
BCAAs	Branched-chain amino acids
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor-1
cGP	cyclic Glycine-Proline
NEAAs	Non-essential amino acids
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
GSH	Glutathione
CVD	Cardiovascular diseases