Table 1.
Main characteristics of the whole cohort and in patients stratified for tertiles of uMBG (nmol/L). Statistical differences across uMBG strata (p for trend) are highlighted in bold.
| All CKD n:108 |
uMBG <0.29 n:36 |
uMBG 0.29–0.41 n:36 |
uMBG >0.41 n:36 |
p for Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 71.6 ± 10 | 76 ± 8.8 | 71.6 ± 9.5 | 67 ± 10 | 0.01 |
| Male sex (%) | 70.4 | 69.4 | 72.2 | 69.4 | 0.92 |
| Current smoking (%) | 4.2 | 0 | 2.8 | 8.3 | 0.16 |
| Diabetes (%) | 54.6 | 27.7 | 61.1 | 75 | 0.004 |
| Heart failure (%) | 13.9 | 13.8 | 19.4 | 8.3 | 0.78 |
| Ischemic heart disease (%) | 30.6 | 22.2 | 36.1 | 33.3 | 0.66 |
| Stroke (%) | 5.6 | 11.1 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 0.85 |
| Peripheral Vasculopathy (%) | 21.3 | 27.8 | 13.9 | 22.2 | 0.88 |
| Hypertension (%) | 91.6 | 86.1 | 97.2 | 91.7 | 0.36 |
| CKD etiology | |||||
| -DKD | 50 | 27.8 | 50 | 72.2 | 0.01 |
| -Nephroangiosclerosis | 16.7 | 22.2 | 11.1 | 16.7 | 0.70 |
| -GNs | 12.9 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 11.1 | 0.86 |
| -Interstitial | 7.4 | 5.5 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 0.72 |
| -Rare/ADPKD | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 0.66 |
| Anti-hypertensive therapy | |||||
| -ACEi/ARBs (%) | 82.4 | 80.5 | 80.5 | 86.1 | 0.82 |
| -Beta-blockers (%) | 56.5 | 41.7 | 44.4 | 83.3 | 0.08 |
| -CCBs (%) | 44.4 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.22 |
| -Aldosterone antagonists (%) | 5.6 | 11.1 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 0.68 |
| -Frusemide (%) | 46.3 | 50 | 33.3 | 55.5 | 0.47 |
| -Other diuretics (%) | 9.3 | 5.5 | 2.8 | 19.4 | 0.21 |
| ESAs (%) | 13.9 | 19.4 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 0.79 |
| Statins (%) | 64.8 | 86.1 | 69.4 | 38.9 | 0.001 |
| Hypouricemic agents (%) | 74.1 | 55.5 | 83.3 | 55.5 | 0.22 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 5.3 | 25.6 ± 5.1 | 28.5 ± 5.1 | 30.1 ± 5.7 | 0.01 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.2 ± 19.2 | 134.6 ± 20.8 | 132.1 ± 20.2 | 126.4 ± 15.2 | 0.12 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.7 ± 10.3 | 71.1 ± 10.2 | 74.2 ± 10.8 | 72.1 ± 9.8 | 0.44 |
| CKD-Epi eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 40.54 ± 17 | 34.5 ± 14.6 | 41.4 ± 15.4 | 44.6 ± 17.9 | 0.03 |
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.8 ± 0.71 | 1.90 ± 0.64 | 1.78 ± 0.69 | 1.73 ± 0.78 | 0.18 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 76.9 ± 37.1 | 85.3 ± 37.5 | 74.9 ± 28.7 | 74.3 ± 45 | 0.05 |
| Glycemia (mg/dL) | 111.2 ± 23 | 109 ± 17 | 114.8 ± 28.1 | 108.6 ± 20.6 | 0.77 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.35 ± 0.45 | 4.34 ± 0.55 | 4.35 ± 0.38 | 4.36 ± 0.42 | 0.82 |
| Serum Sodium (mmol/L) | 140.4 ± 3.4 | 139.5 ± 3.9 | 140.2 ± 3.3 | 141.3 ± 2.9 | 0.18 |
| Serum Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.75 ± 0.61 | 4.64 ± 0.64 | 4.83 ± 0.56 | 4.68 ± 0.32 | 0.65 |
| Serum Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.52 ± 0.53 | 9.40 ± 0.51 | 9.69 ± 0.45 | 9.46 ± 0.55 | 0.58 |
| Serum Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.5 ± 0.73 | 3.52 ± 0.52 | 3.56 ± 0.56 | 3.60 ± 0.87 | 0.23 |
| Serum Magnesium (mg/dL) | 2.09 ± 0.38 | 1.93 ± 0.38 | 2.23 ± 0.31 | 1.83 ± 0.35 | 0.54 |
| Red blood cells (n×106) | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.46 ± 1.2 | 4.69 ± 0.7 | 4.50 ± 1.02 | 0.68 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.9 ± 1.7 | 12.4 ± 1.9 | 13.1 ± 1.6 | 13.3 ± 1.7 | 0.03 |
| Platelets (n×103) | 223.8 ± 69 | 229.4 ± 69.9 | 214 ± 70.3 | 231 ± 67.3 | 0.52 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 141 ± 32.6 | 138.7 ± 16.7 | 142.6 ± 30.2 | 140.3 ± 38.2 | 0.48 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 73 ± 30.6 | 67 ± 21.7 | 74.5 ± 28.7 | 73.4 ± 38.6 | 0.73 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 103.5 [71.5–176] | 145.5 [86.2–243] | 94.5 [63.2–102.7] | 111.5 [74.7–146] | 0.59 |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | 89.2 [52.7–159.5] | 135.4 [55.9–191.4] | 91.8 [51.7–126.8] | 75.2 [50.7–158] | 0.04 |
| Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 5.31 ± 1.46 | 5.48 ± 1.74 | 5.35 ± 1.76 | 0.86 |
| Creatinuria (mg/dL) | 11.5 [9.4–16] | 11.1 [3.1–13.2] | 11.4 [9.4–17.2] | 12.7 [8.9–16.8] | 0.37 |
| Proteinuria (g/24 h/1.73 m2) | 0.287 [0.124–1.035] | 0.14 [0.07–0.45] | 0.19 [0.10–0.65] | 0.25 [0.13–1] | 0.04 |
| Urine sodium (mg/24 h) | 150.9 ± 58.9 | 133 ± 62.7 | 139.9 ± 50.9 | 170.3 ± 73 | 0.03 |
| Urine potassium (mg/24 h) | 49.3 ± 16.8 | 43.4 ± 9.1 | 49.5 ± 18.8 | 54.7 ± 18.3 | 0.04 |
| uMBG (nmoL/L) | 0.37 [0.25–0.45] | 0.23 [0.21–0.24] | 0.37 [0.31–0.39] | 0.52 [0.47–0.71] | <0.001 |
Legend: CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GNs: glomerulonephritis; ADPKD: autosomal polycystic kidney disease; ACEi: ACE inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs: calcium channel blockers; ESAs: erythropoiesis stimulating agents; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; IPTH: intact parathyroid hormone; uMBG: urine marinobufagenin.