Table 2.
Relationship of sociodemographic, health, formal, and social support characteristics at baseline with probability of resilient satisfaction with life (OR) class membership based on incident caring.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | |
| Age | 1.01 [0.96, 1.07] | 1.00 [0.94, 1.07] | 0.99 [0.92, 1.06] |
| Sex (base men) | 1.14 [0.57, 2.35] | 1.13 [0.53, 2.42] | 0.89 [0.40, 1.98] |
| Education (base primary) | |||
| Secondary | 0.40 [0.13, 1.27] | 0.35 [0.10, 1.21] | 0.23* [0.06, 0.94] |
| Tertiary | 0.49 [0.15, 1.59] | 0.39 [0.11, 1.38] | 0.21* [0.05, 0.87] |
| Employment status (base employed) | |||
| Retired | 0.57 [0.22, 1.45] | 0.93 [0.35, 2.48] | 1.00 [0.36, 2.79] |
| Other | 0.65 [0.28, 1.55] | 1.10 [0.43, 2.83] | 1.22 [0.46, 3.25] |
| Marital status (base married) | |||
| Single | 0.65 [0.14, 3.06] | 0.67 [0.13, 3.45] | 1.58 [0.24, 10.18] |
| Separated/divorced | 0.29* [0.11, 0.73] | 0.38 [0.13, 1.05] | 0.93 [0.25, 3.40] |
| Widowed | 0.76 [0.20, 2.86] | 0.82 [0.21, 3.22] | 1.16 [0.26, 5.30] |
| Caring | |||
| Care recipient | |||
| Spouse | 0.56 [0.23, 1.34] | 0.73 [0.28, 1.90] | 0.89 [0.31, 2.56] |
| Child | 0.22*** [0.09, 0.51] | 0.22** [0.09, 0.55] | 0.19*** [0.07, 0.51] |
| Grandchild | 1.61 [0.45, 5.78] | 1.81 [0.49, 6.70] | 1.85 [0.48, 7.18] |
| Other relative | 0.52 [0.26, 1.06] | 0.51 [0.24, 1.08] | 0.47 [0.21, 1.05] |
| Friend | 1.10 [0.40, 3.06] | 0.76 [0.26, 2.20] | 0.66 [0.22, 1.98] |
| Care ≥50 h/week | 0.86 [0.33, 2.25] | 0.96 [0.35, 2.61] | 1.21 [0.42, 3.52] |
| Increasing years of caring | 0.85 [0.63, 1.16] | 0.85 [0.62, 1.17] | 0.77 [0.56, 1.07] |
| Health | |||
| Carer IADL only | 0.40 [0.09, 1.32] | 0.52 [0.09, 1.95] | |
| Carer any ADL | 0.35 [0.09, 1.32] | 0.44 [0.10, 1.89] | |
| Spouse any disability | 0.69 [0.25, 1.85] | 0.59 [0.20, 1.79] | |
| Number of chronic conditions (base 0) | |||
| 1 | 0.40* [0.16, 0.99] | 0.34* [0.13, 0.87] | |
| 2 | 0.76 [0.21, 2.67] | 0.75 [0.19, 2.99] | |
| ≥3 | 0.22* [0.06, 0.74] | 0.21* [0.06, 0.74] | |
| Baseline CES-D8 score | 0.87*** [0.80, 0.94] | 0.86** [0.78, 0.94] | |
| Social support | |||
| Social integration | 2.03* [1.06, 3.86] | ||
| Number of close friends and relatives | 1.15* [1.01, 1.32] | ||
| State-provided formal support | |||
| Formal support received by carer | 0.82 [0.18, 3.73] | ||
| Formal support received by partner | 0.64 [0.11, 3.75] | ||
Panel shows the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) (Model 1-3), of being in Resilient-Recovery and Resilient-Stable satisfaction with life trajectory over time since becoming a carer. Model 1 adjusts for sociodemographic characteristics and type of care; Model 2 adjusts for Model 1 + health; Model 3 adjusts for Model 2 + formal support + social support variables.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
SD, standard deviation; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; CES-D8, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale.
Social integration score is measured through the Berkman-Syme index (range 0–4); Chronic conditions include heart attack/heart failure/angina, cataracts, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, diabetes, lung disease, asthma, arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, Parkinson's disease, peptic ulcer, and hip fracture.