Table 2.
Descriptive table for variables by stutter and SSD status.
| Measure (age of assessment) | No stutter (n = 3,730) | Stutter (n = 94) | p valuea | No SSD (n = 3,697) | SSD (n = 127) | p valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | ||||||||||
| Self-harm (age 16 years) | ≥ .05 | .046 | ||||||||
| No self-harm | 3,025 | (81.1%) | 81 | (86.7%) | 3,009 | (81.4%) | 97 | (76.4%) | ||
| Self-harm without suicidal intent | 459 | (12.3%) | ≥ 9 & ≤ 13 | (≥ 9.6% & ≤ 13.8%) | 455 | (12.3%) | 15 | (11.8%) | ||
| Self-harm with suicidal intent | 246 | (6.6%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | 233 | (6.3%) | 15 | (11.8%) | ||
| Any self-harm | 705 | (18.9%) | 13 | (13.8%) | 688 | (18.6%) | 30 | (23.6%) | ||
| Demographic | ||||||||||
| Female sex, n (%) | 2,202 | (59.0%) | 29 | (30.9%) | < .001 | 2,174 | (58.8%) | 57 | (44.9%) | .002 |
| Equivalized income (33 and 47 months), n (%)b | .425 | .670 | ||||||||
| 1st quintile (highest) | 947 | (27.4%) | 28 | (31.5%) | 945 | (27.6%) | 30 | (25.4%) | ||
| 2nd quintile | 824 | (23.8%) | 25 | (28.1%) | 822 | (24.0%) | 27 | (22.9%) | ||
| 3rd quintile | 681 | (19.7%) | 18 | (20.2%) | 679 | (19.8%) | 20 | (17.0%) | ||
| 4th quintile | 589 | (17.0%) | 12 | (13.5%) | 578 | (16.9%) | 23 | (19.5%) | ||
| 5th quintile (lowest) | 415 | (12.0%) | 6 | (6.7%) | 403 | (11.8%) | 18 | (15.3%) | ||
| Parent social class (pregnancy), n (%)c | .046 | .076 | ||||||||
| Professional/managerial | 2,361 | (66.6%) | 69 | (76.7%) | 2,360 | (67.1%) | 70 | (59.3%) | ||
| Other | 1,182 | (33.4%) | 21 | (23.3%) | 1,155 | (32.9%) | 48 | (40.7%) | ||
| Mother's education (pregnancy), n (%) | .002 | .008 | ||||||||
| Degree | 784 | (21.4%) | 31 | (33.3%) | 794 | (21.9%) | 21 | (16.5%) | ||
| A-level | 1,083 | (29.6%) | 34 | (36.6%) | 1,085 | (29.9%) | 32 | (25.2%) | ||
| O-level | 1,201 | (32.8%) | 20 | (21.5%) | 1,181 | (32.5%) | 40 | (31.5%) | ||
| < O-level | 597 | (16.3%) | 8 | (8.6%) | 571 | (15.7%) | 34 | (26.8%) | ||
| Total IQ (age 8 years), M (SD) | 107.4 | (16.1) | 112.5 | (17.5) | .002 | 107.7 | (16.0) | 101.1 | (19.3) | < .001 |
| Personal, mental health, behavior | ||||||||||
| Impulsivity (age 10 years), stop-signal task, mean number of trials correct at 250-ms delay (SD) | 13.69 | (2.59) | 14.09 | (2.25) | .175 | 13.71 | (2.56) | 13.43 | (3.17) | .278 |
| Body dissatisfaction (age 13 years), n (%) | 1,020 | (31.9%) | 21 | (26.9%) | .350 | 1,004 | (31.8%) | 37 | (32.7%) | .826 |
| Mental health | ||||||||||
| Depressive symptoms (age 14 years), SMFQ score 11+, n (%) | 351 | (11.0%) | 9 | (10.6%) | .901 | 340 | (10.7%) | 20 | (20.2%) | .003 |
| Depressive disorder (age 15 years), DAWBA, n (%) | 41 | (1.3%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | ≥ .05d | 41 | (1.4%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 3.1%) | ≥ .05d |
| Anxiety disorder (age 15 years), DAWBA, n (%) | 47 | (1.5%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | ≥ .05d | 47 | (1.6%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 3.1%) | ≥ .05d |
| Substance use (age 15 years) | ||||||||||
| Alcohol, heavy drinking, n (%) | 546 | (18.7%) | 13 | (16.3%) | .584 | 546 | (18.8%) | 13 | (13.7%) | .211 |
| Cannabis, at least occasional use, n (%) | 243 | (8.1%) | 6 | (7.1%) | .732 | 244 | (8.2%) | 5 | (5.1%) | .275 |
| Smoking, at least weekly, n (%) | 229 | (7.6%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | ≥ .05 | 226 | (7.5%) | 5 | (5.0%) | .347 |
| Sensation-seeking (age 16 years), M (SD) | ||||||||||
| Arnett intensity subscale | 25.92 | (4.52) | 27.12 | (4.50) | .012 | 25.97 | (4.52) | 25.48 | (4.78) | .236 |
| Arnett novelty subscale | 25.93 | (4.24) | 27.07 | (4.21) | .015 | 25.98 | (4.25) | 25.43 | (4.03) | .157 |
| Early adverse experience | ||||||||||
| Victimization | ||||||||||
| Sexual abuse (from birth to age 8 years), n (%) | 17 | (0.5%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | ≥ .05d | 17 | (0.5%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 3.1%) | ≥ .05d |
| Parental cruelty to children (from birth to age 11 years), n (%) | 121 | (4.4%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | ≥ .05d | 123 | (4.6%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 3.1%) | ≥ .05d |
| Being bullied (age 12 years), n (%) | 834 | (25.0%) | 22 | (26.5%) | .758 | 819 | (24.8%) | 37 | (34.3%) | .025 |
| Self-harm in friends and family | ||||||||||
| Parent suicide attempt (from birth to age 11 years), n (%) | 48 | (1.4%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | ≥ .05d | 41 | (1.2%) | 7 | (5.8%) | .001d |
| Mother self-harm (age 16 years), n (%)e | 44 | (1.2%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | ≥ .05d | 42 | (1.1%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 3.1%) | ≥ .05d |
| Father self-harm (age 16 years), n (%)e | 22 | (0.6%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 4.3%) | ≥ .05d | 21 | (0.6%) | < 5 | (≥ 0% & ≤ 3.1%) | ≥ .05d |
| Self-harm in friends (age 16 years), n (%)e | 1,472 | (39.7%) | 33 | (35.5%) | .414 | 1,456 | (39.6%) | 49 | (38.6%) | .816 |
Note. Number of respondents with missing data: 279 for income, 191 for social class, 66 for maternal education, 44 for total IQ, 550 for body dissatisfaction, 506 for impulsivity, 104 for the intensity subscale of the Arnett's sensation-seeking scale, 117 for the novelty subscale of the Arnett's sensation-seeking scale, 553 for SMFQ score, 687 for DAWBA depression, 686 for DAWBA anxiety, 819 for heavy alcohol, 733 for cannabis, 714 for smoking, 227 for sexual abuse, 1,028 for physical cruelty to child, 408 for being bullied, 282 for parent suicide attempt (parent rated), 21 for mother self-harm (child rated), 21 for father self-harm (child rated), and 21 for self-harm in friends (child rated). SSD = speech sound disorder; SMFQ = short mood and feelings questionnaire; DAWBA = development and well-being assessment.
Chi-square/Fisher's exact test of the association between the speech and categorical variables and t-test for differences in means for continuous variables.
Quintiles represent highest to lowest household income. Quintiles were derived from income measures at ages 33 and 47 months on a larger subset of the cohort; hence, in the present sample, numbers are not evenly distributed.
Highest social class of mother and father.
Fisher's exact test was used because one of the expected values was less than 5.
Child rated.