Table 5.

Mean differences between the sociability ratings for the eight leadership behaviors.

	IM	IS	IC	CR	MBA	MBP	LF
II	0.48***	1.74***	−0.20	−0.11	−0.14	−0.16	1.50***
	[0.15; 0.81]	[1.41; 2.07]	[−0.53; 0.13]	[−0.44; 0.22]	[−0.47; 0.19]	[−0.49; 0.17]	[1.17; 1.83]
IM		1.26***	−0.68***	−0.59***	−0.62***	−0.64***	1.02***
		[0.93; 1.59]	[−1.01; −0.35]	[−0.92; −0.26]	[−0.95; −0.29]	[−0.97; −0.31]	[0.69; 1.36]
IS			−1.94***	−1.85***	−1.88***	−1.90***	−0.24
			[−2.27; −1.61]	[−2.18; −1.52]	[−2.21; −1.55]	[−2.23; −1.57]	[−0.57; 0.10]
IC				0.09	0.06	0.03	1.70***
				[−0.24; 0.42]	[−0.27; 0.39]	[−0.30; 0.36]	[1.37; 2.03]
CR					−0.03	−0.06	1.61***
					[−0.36; 0.30]	[−0.39; 0.27]	[1.28; 1.94]
MBA						−0.02	1.64***
						[−0.36; 0.31]	[1.31; 1.97]
MBP							1.67***
							[1.34; 2.00]

II, idealized influence; IM, inspirational motivation; IS, intellectual stimulation; IC, individualized consideration; CR, contingent reward; MBA, active management by exception; MBP, passive management by exception; LF, laissez-faire.

p-values were adjusted based on Scheffé post-hoc tests.

Values in parentheses represent 95% confidence intervals of the mean differences.

***p < 0.001.