Fig. 5. MR analysis of circulating proteins in immune-mediated disease etiology.

GSMR analysis²⁸ using cis-pQTLs as genetic instruments to test the causal role of plasma proteins across IMDs. Cells are colored according to the effect size and direction: red indicates that higher genetically predicted plasma protein levels are associated with increased disease risk; blue indicates that higher genetically predicted plasma protein levels are associated with reduced disease risk; and gray represents no result because fewer than three variants were available for GSMR analysis. Associations with FDR ≤ 0.01 are denoted with dots, with filled circles indicating those that were robust to confounding by LD and open circles indicating those that were not.