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. 2023 Aug 25;14:5200. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40607-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — EWAS Epigenome-wide Association Study, LMIC low-middle-income countries, HIC high-income countries, MMNP Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project, MPC Mysore Parthenon Cohort, PMMST periconceptional Multiple Micronutrients Supplementation Trial, ENID Early Nutrition and Immune Development, ALSPAC Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, SAS South Asians, AFR Africans, EUR Europeans, SOCS3 Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 gene, SOCS3m SOCS3 methylation, PRS Polygenic risk score, MR Mendelian randomization. *450 K array covers only one CpG (cg18181703). EPIC array: Illumina Infinium EPIC/850 K beadchip, 450 K: Illumina Infinium 450 K array. All analyses were cross-sectional unless indicated. All ages are medians.