Table 4.
Social factors related to recruitment through family and friend referrals.
| Category | Recruited through family or friend referrals | Univariate OR (95% CI, p-value) | Multivariate OR (95% CI, p-value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name of the categorical variable: description | No (N = 2080) N (%) | Yes (N = 3825) N (%) | ||
| What is the number of people in your household? | ||||
| Hs1: 1 (myself) | 484 (23.69) | 529 (13.83) | 0.52 (CI: 0.45–0.59, p < 0.001) | 0.49 (CI:0.41–0.58, p < 0.001) |
| Hs2: 2–4 people | 1002 (48.17) | 2150 (56.21) | 1.42 (CI: 1.28–1.59, p < 0.001) | 1.13 (C:0.99–1.30, p = 0.06) |
| Hs3: 4+ | 594 (28.08) | 1146 (29.96) | 1.05 (CI: 0.93–1.18, p = 0.41) | – |
| Do you participate in any groups (social, work, religious self-help, charity, public service, community group, senior center)? | ||||
| S1: Yes | 169 (8.13) | 607 (15.87) | 2.10 (CI: 1.75–2.51, (p < 0.001) | 2.08 (CI: 1.73–2.52, p < 0.001) |
| S2: No | 1856 (89.23) | 3177 (83.06) | 0.48 (CI: 0.40–0.57, p < 0.001) | – |
| Not responded (removed) | 55 (2.64) | 41 (1.07) | – | – |
| During COVID-19, did you miss getting together with family and friends and social gatherings? | ||||
| G1: Hardly ever | 688 (33.1) | 835 (21.83) | 0.55 (CI: 0.49–0.62, p < 0.001) | 0.68 (CI: 0.54–0.86, p = 0.001) |
| G2: Sometimes | 1175 (56.49) | 2695 (70.46) | 1.79 (CI: 1.60–2.00, p < 0.001) | 1.28 (CI: 1.03–1.59, p = 0.03) |
| G3: Often | 162 (7.79) | 254 (6.64) | 0.83 (CI: 0.67–1.02, p = 0.07) | – |
| Not responded (removed) | 55 (2.64) | 41 (1.07) | – | |
| A number of close friends and family members that you feel comfortable to talk about private matters. | ||||
| C1: None | 595 (28.61) | 1566 (40.94) | 1.70 (CI: 1.51–1.90, p < 0.001) | 2.17 (CI: 1.17–4.04, p = 0.014) |
| C2: 1–2 | 1184 (56.92) | 1935 (50.59) | 0.74 (CI: 0.68–0.82, p < 0.001) | 1.44 (CI: 0.77–2.67, p = 0.25) |
| C3: 3–5 | 155 (7.45) | 192 (5.02) | 0.64 (CI: 0.52–0.80, p < 0.001) | 0.88 (CI: 0.46–1.69, p = 0.71) |
| C4: 6–9 | 72 (3.46) | 64 (1.67) | 0.47 (CI: 0.33–0.66, p < 0.001) | 0.60 (CI: 0.30–1.20, p = 0.15) |
| C5: 10 or more | 19 (0.91) | 27 (0.71) | 0.76 (CI: 0.42–1.37, p = 0.386) | – |
| Not responded (removed) | 55 (2.64) | 41 (1.07) | – | |
Reported values include the number of participants and frequencies (%) for each category, univariate and multivariate ORs with CIs, and p-values. All participants (5905) across all ages between 18 and 82 years were included. Age and sex were added as covariates in the multivariate regression analyses.
Bonferroni adjusted threshold for significance is 0.0125 (0.05/4).
Abbreviations: N Number of participants, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, P-value probability value, Hs1–3: response categories 1–3 to the question about the number of people in household, S1–2 response categories 1–2 to the question regarding participation in social groups, G1–3 response categories 1–3 to the question about missing social gathering during COVID-19 pandemic, C1–5 response categories 1–5 to the question related to the number of close friends and family members with whom the participants felt comfortable talking about private matters.