Table 2.
Exercise intervention characteristics.
| ID | Study | Setting | Supervised | Adherence | Adverse events | Additional stages | Interventions | Model | Intensity | Duration | Frequency | Time | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anderson (2019) | Hospital | YES | 97% | NO | 10 min warm-up, 3 min cool-down | HIIT: high intensity sprint for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | Treadmill | 80–90% VO2max, 85–95% HRmax, 15–17 in RPE | 38 min | 3 days/week | 12 weeks | MLHF |
| 95% | / | MICT: moderate intensity running all the time | 50–60% VO2max, 60–70% HRmax, 11–13 in RPE | 47 min | |||||||||
| 2 | Currie (2015) | UN | YES | 92% | UN | 10 min warm-up and cool-down | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 1 min, moderate intensity cycling for 1 min, alternating 10 sets | Cycle ergometer | 85% PPO alternating 10% PPO for mouth 1, 100% PPO for month 2, 108% PPO for month 3, 121% PPO for final 3 months | 20 min | 2 days/week | 24 weeks | SF-36 |
| 90% | MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | 57% PPO for month 1–3, 78% PPO for final 3 months | 30 min at start, add 10 min monthly to 50 min | ||||||||||
| 3 | Koufaki (2014) | Hospital | YES | 90% | UN | / | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 30 s, moderate intensity cycling for 1 min, alternating 20 sets | Cycle ergometer | 100% PPO alternating 20–30% PPO | 30 min | 3 days/week | 24 weeks | MLHF, SF-36 |
| MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | 40–60% VO2max | 20-30 min increasing to 40 min | |||||||||||
| 4 | Novakovic (2018) | UN | UN | 92.90% | NO | 5 min warm-up and cool-down | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 1 min, moderate intensity cycling for 3 min, alternating 8 sets | Cycle ergometer | 80% HRmax alternating 60% HRmax at start, add 5% HRmax after 12th and 24th | 42 min | 2–3 days/week | 12–18 weeks | SF-36 |
| 89.20% | 8 min warm-up, 7 min cool-down | MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | 70% HRmax at start, add 5% HRmax after 12th and 24th | 41 min | |||||||||
| 5 | Nytroen (2019) | UN | YES | 81% | NO | 10 min warm-up, 5 min cool-down | HIIT: high intensity exercise for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | Resistance training | 85–95% HRmax, 81–93% VO2max, 16–18 in RPE | 40 min | 2–3 days/week | 36 weeks | SF-36, HADS |
| MICT: moderate intensity exercise all the time | Core strengthening exercise | 60–80% MEC | 40 min | ||||||||||
| 6 | Okur (2020) | Hospital | UN | 99% | UN | 10 min warm-up and cool-down | HIIT(LV): high intensity exercise for 1 min, active recovery for 1 min, alternating 10 sets | UN | 85–100% Wmax alternating 50–70% Wmax | 30 min | 5 days/week | 24 sessions | SF-36, MacNew |
| HIIT(HV): high intensity exercise for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | 38 min | ||||||||||||
| MICT: moderate intensity exercise all the time | 50–70% Wmax | 20 min increasing to 30 min | |||||||||||
| 7 | Reed (2021) | University of Ottawa heart institute | YES | 73.80% | YES | 10 min warm-up, 5-10 min cool-down | HIIT: high intensity exercise for 4 min alternating low intensity exercise for 3 min | Treadmill, cycle ergometer, elliptical | 85–95% HRmax alternating 60–70% HRmax | 45 min | 2 days/week | 12 weeks | SF-36, BDI |
| 76.30% | 10-15 min warm-up, 15 min cool-down | MICT: aerobic exercise all the time | 20-40 bpm above HRrest, 12–16 in REP | 60 min | |||||||||
| 8 | Schonfelder (2021) | Ergoline GmbH, Bitz | YES | 99.20% | UN | 5 min warm-up and cool-down | HIIT: high intensity exercise for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | Resistance training | 85–95% HRmax alternating 60–70% HRmax | 25 min | 3 days/week | 6 weeks | MacNew, HADS |
| MICT: moderate intensity exercise all the time | Endurance training | 65–85% HRmax | 33 min | ||||||||||
| 9 | Taylor (2020) | Hospital, home | YES | 92.50% | YES | / | HIIT: high intensity exercise for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | Treadmill, cycle ergometer, elliptical | 85–95% HRmax, 15–18 alternating 11–13 in RPE | 32 min | 3 days/week | 52 weeks | MacNew |
| MICT: moderate intensity exercise all the time | 65–75% HRmax, 11–13 in RPE | 60 min | |||||||||||
| 10 | Villafaina (2020) | Indoor tennis court | YES | 100% | NO | 8 min warm-up, 10 min cool-down | HIIT: high intensity exercise for 15 s, 4 sets of low intensity exercise for 15 s following 3 sets of active recovery for 1 min | Tennis | 85–90% HRmax alternating 50% HRmax | 60 min | 3 days/week | 12 weeks | SF-36 |
| 90% | MICT: moderate intensity exercise all the time | 70–85% HRmax | 60 min | ||||||||||
| 11 | Yakut (2022) | Home | NO | UN | NO | 10 min warm-up and cool-down | HIIT: high intensity running for 4 min alternating low intensity running for 3 min | Walking | 85–95% HRmax or 15–18 in RPE alternating 70–75% HRmax or < 14 in RPE | 45 min | 2 days/week | 12 weeks | MacNew |
| MICT: moderate intensity running all the time | 70–75% HRmax, 12–14 in RPE | 40-65 min | |||||||||||
| 12 | Xianghui Liu (2021) | UN | YES | 95.80% | UN | 5 min warm-up and cool-down | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 1 min alternating low intensity cycling for 2 min | Cycle ergometer | 80% HRmax alternating 50% HRmax | 50 min | 3 days/week | 16 weeks | SF-36 |
| MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | 60% HRmax | 50 min | |||||||||||
| 13 | Dall (2015) | The heart centre, rigshospitalet, copenhagen | YES | 94.11% | NO | 10 min warm-up and cool-down | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 4 or 2 min, active recovery for 2 min, alternating 8 sets | Cycle ergometer | 80% HRmax alternating 60% HRmax | 30 min | 3 days/week | 12 weeks | SF-36, HADS |
| MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | 60–70% HRmax | 45 min | |||||||||||
| 14 | Chih-Chin Hsu (2020) | Hospital | YES | 76.92% | UN | 3 min warm-up and cool-down | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 3 min, moderate intensity cycling for 3 min, alternating 5 sets | Cycle ergometer | 80% VO2max alternating 40% VO2max | 30 min | 2–3 days/week | 36 sessions | SF-36 |
| 86.67% | MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | 60% VO2max | 30 min | ||||||||||
| 15 | Ellingsen (2017) | Hospital | YES | 85.56% | YES | Moderate intensity warm-up and cool-down | HIIT: high intensity exercise for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | Treadmill, cycle ergometer | 90–95% HRmax alternating active recovery | 38 min | 3 days/week | 12 weeks | KCCQ, HADS, GMS, DS14 |
| 76.47% | / | MICT: moderate intensity exercise all the time | 60–70% HRmax | 47 min | |||||||||
| 16 | Dunford (2021) | Hospital | YES | 100 ± 105% | NO | 10 min warm-up, 5 min cool-down | HIIT: continuously ascending and descending the stairs six times (12 steps), active recovery for 90 s, alternating 3 sets | Stair climbing | 20 alternating 14–15 in RPE | 3 sets | 6 sessions in hospital, 3 sessions/week in home | 12 weeks | QLMI |
| 104 ± 75% | MICT: moderate intensity exercise all the time | Treadmill, cycle ergometer, walking | 60–80% HRR, 11–13 in RPE | 30 min | |||||||||
| 17 | McGregor (2023) | UN | YES | 72.72% | YES | 10-15 min warm-up | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 1 min, moderate intensity cycling for 1 min, alternating 10 sets | Cycle ergometer, walking | 85–90% PPO alternating 20–25% PPO | 10 sets | 2 days/week | 8 weeks | EQ-5D |
| 78.97% | MICT: moderate intensity exercise all the time | 40–70% HRR, 60–80% MEC | 20-40 min | ||||||||||
| 18 | Koldobika (2016) | Hospital | YES | 92% | NO | 12, 10, 7 min warm-up, 13, 10, 8 min cool-down for week 1–3, 5 min warm-up and cool-down for final 5 weeks | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 20 s, moderate intensity cycling for 40 s, alternating 15 sets at first, add 5 sets weekly | Cycle ergometer | 50% MEC alternating 10%MEC | 40 min | 3 days/week | 8 weeks | SF-36, MacNew |
| 87.50% | MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | VT1 for week 1–4, VT1 + 10% for week 5–8 | 40 min | ||||||||||
| 19 | Mikel (2020) | University of Basque Country | YES | UN | UN | 5-10 min warm-up, 10 min cool-down | HIIT(LV): high intensity exercise for 30 s, moderate intensity exercise for 90 s, alternating 9 sets | Cycling, walking, swimming | 90% VO2max alternating 65% VO2max | 20 min | 5–7 days/week | 16 weeks | SF-36 |
| HIIT(HV): high intensity exercise for 30 s, moderate intensity exercise for 90 s, alternating 18 sets | 90% VO2max alternating 65% VO2max | 45 min | |||||||||||
| MICT: aerobic continuous exercise all the time | 65% VO2max | 45 min | |||||||||||
| 20 | Pattyn (2016) | Hospital | YES | 85% | YES | 10 min warm-up | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | Cycle ergometer | 85–95% HRmax alternating 50–70% HRmax | 38 min | 3 days/week | 12 weeks | SF-12 |
| 89% | 5 min warm-up and cool-down | MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | 70–75% HRmax | 47 min | |||||||||
| 21 | Papathanasiou (2020) | Center of rehabilitation and sports medicine | YES | 93.75% | NO | 10 min warm-up, 5 min cool-down | HIIT: high intensity exercise alternating moderate intensity exercise for 3 sets | Body-weight training | 90% HRmax alternating 70% HRmax | 40 min | 2 days/week | 12 weeks | MLHF |
| 88.23% | / | MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | Cycle ergometer | 70% HRmax | 40 min | ||||||||
| 22 | Reed (2022) | Center of rehabilitation and sports medicine | YES | 76.19% | YES | 2 min warm-up, 1 min cool-down | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 30 s, active recovery for 30 s, alternating 20 sets | Cycle ergometer | 80–100% PPO alternating active recovery | 23 min | 2 days/week | 12 weeks | SF-36 |
| 92.85% | 10-15 min warm-up, 15 min cool-down | MICT: aerobic continuous exercise all the time | Cycling, walking, elliptical, rowing | UN | 60 min | ||||||||
| 23 | Trine (2009) | Center of rehabilitation and sports medicine, home | YES | 84.84% | NO | 8 min warm-up, 5 min cool-down | HIIT: high intensity running for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | Treadmill | 90% HRmax alternating active recovery | 41 min | 5 days/week | 4 weeks | MacNew |
| 86.11% | / | MICT: moderate intensity running all the time | 70% HRmax | 46 min | |||||||||
| 24 | Ulrik (2007) | Hospital, home | YES | 92 ± 2% | NO | 10 min warm-up, 3 min cool-down | HIIT: high intensity running for 4 min alternating active recovery for 3 min | Treadmill, outdoor uphill walking | 90–95% HRmax alternating 50–70% HRmax | 38 min | 3 days/week | 12 weeks | MacNew |
| 95 ± 3% | / | MICT: moderate intensity running all the time | 70–75% HRmax | 47 min | |||||||||
| 25 | Viviane (2014) | Hospital | YES | 85% | NO | 10 min warm-up | HIIT: high intensity cycling for 4 min, active recovery for 3 min, alternating 4 sets | Cycle ergometer | 85–90% VO2max, 90–95% HRmax, alternating 60–70% HRmax | 38 min | 3 days/week | 12 weeks | SF-12 |
| 89% | 5 min warm-up, 5 min cool-down | MICT: moderate intensity cycling all the time | 60–70% VO2max, 65–75% HRmax | 47 min |
UN unclear, NO no mention, RPE rating of perceived exertion, HRmax maximal heart rate, VO2max maximal oxygen consumption, VT ventilatory threshold, PPO peak power output, MLHF Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire, SF-36 the MOS 36-item short-form health survey, SF-12 the MOS 12-item short-form health survey, MacNew the MacNew heart disease health related quality of life instrument, KCCQ the Kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire, DS14 type D personality scale-14, GMS geriatric mental status scale, QLMI the quality of life after myocardial infarction questionnaire, EQ-5D the EuroQOL instrument, HADS hospital anxiety and depression scale, BDI back depression inventory.