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. 2023 Aug 25;13:13948. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40935-7

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Frequency of ART-R genetic background alleles in Vietnam (2000–2016). Bar charts show the frequency of haplotypes constructed from the combination of arps10-V127M, fd-D193Y and crt-N326S. Reference haplotype VDN is shown in white and mutant haplotypes at either one, two or all three positions are colored. Data is shown by region and years. Region 1: Quang Tri, Quang Nam, Gia Lai and Ratanakiri (Cambodia) provinces; Region 2: Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, and Binh Thuan provinces: Region 3: Binh Phuoc province.