Table 1.
Population Characteristics, by Glucosamine Use
| Population characteristics | Cohort, N (weighted %), 38,021 (100) | Regulara glucosamine users, N (weighted %), 1181 (3.5) | Not regular glucosamine users, N (weighted %), 36,816 (96.5) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age | |||
| 20–29 | 6510 (18.9) | 28 (0.5) | 6480 (99.5) |
| 30–39 | 6503 (19.1) | 48 (0.9) | 6454 (99.1) |
| 40–49 | 6774 (20.9) | 111 (2.1) | 6660 (97.9) |
| 50–59 | 5587 (17.5) | 222 (5.3) | 5362 (94.7) |
| 60–69 | 5911 (11.8) | 341 (8.2) | 5565 (91.8) |
| 70–79 | 4036 (7.5) | 268 (8.2) | 3759 (91.8) |
| 80+ | 2700 (4.2) | 163 (6.3) | 2563 (93.7) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 19,104 (49.2) | 558 (3.3) | 18,535 (96.7) |
| Female | 18,917 (50.8) | 623 (3.6) | 18,281 (96.4) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 17,818 (69.6) | 840 (4.3) | 16,963 (95.7) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 7789 (10.9) | 73 (0.7) | 7713 (99.3) |
| Mexican American | 6784 (8.0) | 95 (1.1) | 6684 (98.9) |
| Other Hispanic | 2847 (5.4) | 72 (1.8) | 2774 (98.2) |
| Other race/mixed race | 2783 (6.1) | 101 (3.3) | 2682 (96.7) |
| Missing | |||
| Educational status | |||
| <High school | 10,684 (18.4) | 171 (1.6) | 10,509 (98.4) |
| High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 8853 (24.0) | 239 (2.8) | 8605 (97.2) |
| Some college or associate degree | 10,457 (30.5) | 362 (3.6) | 10,088 (96.4) |
| College graduate or above | 7974 (27.0) | 409 (5.1) | 7561 (94.9) |
| Missing | 53 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 53 (100.0) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/living with partner | 22,515 (62.6) | 839 (4.3) | 21,667 (95.7) |
| Widowed | 3285 (5.8) | 147 (5.1) | 3133 (94.9) |
| Divorced/separated | 5032 (12.3) | 124 (2.7) | 4903 (97.3) |
| Never married | 6766 (18.0) | 65 (0.9) | 6697 (99.1) |
| Missing | 423 (1.3) | 6 (1.2) | 416 (98.8) |
| Poverty-to-income ratio | |||
| <1 (Lowest income) | 7050 (13.1) | 83 (1.1) | 6964 (98.9) |
| 1 to <2 | 9138 (19.1) | 220 (2.5) | 8913 (97.5) |
| 2 to <4 | 9432 (27.3) | 309 (3.2) | 9118 (96.8) |
| ≥4 (Highest income) | 9212 (33.7) | 490 (5.3) | 8715 (94.7) |
| Missing | 3189 (6.9) | 79 (3.0) | 3106 (97.0) |
| Health insurance | |||
| Insured | 29,234 (80.5) | 1076 (4.1) | 28,137 (95.9) |
| not insured | 8602 (19.0) | 105 (1.1) | 8494 (98.9) |
| Missing | 185 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 185 (100.0) |
| Lifestyle factors | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 631 (1.7) | 10 (1.8) | 621 (97.2) |
| Normal weight (18.5 to <25) | 10,922 (30.5) | 303 (3.0) | 10,610 (97.0) |
| Lower overweight (25 to <27.5) | 6759 (17.8) | 241 (3.8) | 6514 (96.2) |
| Upper overweight (27.5 to <30) | 6047 (15.6) | 211 (4.0) | 5832 (96.0) |
| Obese (≥30) | 12,861 (32.7) | 401 (3.6) | 12,453 (96.4) |
| Missing | 801 (1.7) | 15 (2.3) | 786 (96.4) |
| Alcohol use | |||
| <1 Drink/month | 16,673 (38.5) | 530 (3.5) | 16,131 (96.5) |
| ≥1 Drink/month to <4 drinks/week | 9832 (28.8) | 320 (3.6) | 9504 (96.4) |
| ≥4 Drinks/week to <2 drinks/day | 6002 (18.6) | 223 (4.0) | 5778 (96.0) |
| ≥2 Drinks/day | 1887 (5.6) | 47 (2.8) | 1839 (97.2) |
| Missing | 3627 (8.4) | 61 (2.2) | 3564 (97.8) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 20,315 (53.2) | 650 (3.7) | 19,658 (96.3) |
| Former (pack-years Tertile 1) | 2580 (6.9) | 113 (4.6) | 2465 (95.4) |
| Former (pack-years Tertile 2) | 2625 (6.9) | 125 (5.4) | 2496 (94.6) |
| Former (pack-years Tertile 3) | 4204 (10.6) | 204 (5.2) | 3995 (94.8) |
| Current (pack-years Tertile 1) | 1876 (5.0) | 12 (0.6) | 1864 (99.4) |
| Current (pack-years Tertile 2) | 1759 (5.1) | 15 (1.0) | 1742 (99.0) |
| Current (pack-years Tertile 3) | 4628 (12.4) | 62 (1.6) | 4562 (98.4) |
| Missing | 34 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (100.0) |
| Physical activity | |||
| No | 14,652 (32.1) | 342 (2.7) | 14,302 (97.3) |
| Moderate | 11,276 (30.8) | 472 (4.5) | 10,799 (95.5) |
| Vigorous | 12,083 (37.1) | 367 (3.3) | 11,705 (96.7) |
| Missing | 10 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (100.0) |
| Medication use | |||
| Aspirin use (1999–2004) | |||
| No use | 10,718 (86.8) | 245 (2.5) | 10,457 (97.5) |
| Low use | 904 (6.5) | 67 (8.8) | 835 (91.2) |
| High use | 780 (5.4) | 54 (7.4) | 724 (92.6) |
| Missing | 172 (1.3) | 12 (7.6) | 160 (92.4) |
| Non-aspirin NSAID use (1999–2004) | |||
| No use | 11,708 (91.8) | 320 (2.9) | 11,368 (97.1) |
| Low use | 604 (5.9) | 40 (6.1) | 564 (93.9) |
| High use | 173 (1.6) | 11 (9.8) | 162 (90.2) |
| Missing | 89 (0.7) | 7 (6.9) | 82 (93.1) |
| Health status and other risk factors | |||
| Self-reported health status | |||
| Excellent/very good | 15,970 (50.1) | 632 (4.2) | 15,329 (95.8) |
| Good/fair | 20,365 (46.8) | 523 (2.9) | 19,830 (97.1) |
| Poor | 1665 (3.1) | 25 (1.3) | 1637 (98.7) |
| Missing | 21 (0.0) | 1 (5.4) | 20 (96.5) |
| Morbidity scoreb | |||
| None | 25,461 (70.6) | 727 (3.3) | 24,724 (96.7) |
| Low | 5688 (15.4) | 250 (4.5) | 5430 (95.5) |
| High | 6353 (12.9) | 184 (3.3) | 6163 (96.7) |
| Missing | 519 (1.0) | 20 (4.4) | 499 (96.5) |
| History of arthritis | |||
| No | 8664 (21.1) | 606 (7.7) | 8047 (92.3) |
| Yes | 29,276 (78.8) | 573 (2.3) | 28,690 (97.7) |
| Missing | 81 (0.2) | 2 (2.6) | 79 (97.4) |
a
Regular use defined by use in the month before baseline and reported usual frequency of use 20+ days/month.
b
Morbidity score is the linear predictor for each individual based on a Cox proportional hazards model modeling time to death as a function of comorbidities, including diabetes, kidney failure, asthma, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, liver condition, cancer, and osteoporosis.
GED, general educational development; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.