Table 3.
Association Between Glucosamine and Chondroitin Use and Mortality
| Cohort, N(%) | Case, N (%) | Age and sex-adjusted, HR (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted,a HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall mortality | ||||
| Regular use of any glucosamineb | ||||
| No regular use | 36,816 (96.5) | 4696 (8.8) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Regular use | 1181 (3.5) | 204 (12.2) | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) |
| Regular use of any chondroitinb | ||||
| No regular use | 37,178 (97.6) | 4748 (8.8) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Regular use | 826 (2.4) | 156 (13.5) | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) |
| Cancer mortality | ||||
| Regular use of any glucosamineb | ||||
| No regular use | 36,816 (96.5) | 1028 (2.0) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Regular use | 1181 (3.5) | 55 (3.6) | 0.90 (0.64–1.25) | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) |
| Regular use of any chondroitinb | ||||
| No regular use | 37,178 (97.6) | 1040 (2.0) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Regular use | 826 (2.4) | 45 (4.2) | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) | 1.33 (0.92–1.90) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||
| Regular use of any glucosamineb | ||||
| No regular use | 36,816 (96.5) | 815 (1.4) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Regular use | 1181 (3.5) | 24 (1.4) | 0.47 (0.30–0.74) | 0.72 (0.46–1.15) |
| Regular use of any chondroitinb | ||||
| No regular use | 37,178 (97.6) | 819 (1.4) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Regular use | 826 (2.4) | 20 (1.6) | 0.51 (0.31–0.81) | 0.76 (0.47–1.21) |
| Other mortality | ||||
| Regular use of any glucosamineb | ||||
| No regular use | 36,816 (96.5) | 2840 (5.4) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Regular use | 1181 (3.5) | 125 (7.2) | 0.69 (0.56–0.85) | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) |
| Regular use of any chondroitinb | ||||
| No regular use | 37,178 (97.6) | 2876 (5.4) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Regular use | 826 (2.4) | 91 (7.7) | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) |
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational status, marital status, poverty-to-income ratio, health insurance, body mass index, alcohol use, smoking, physical activity, aspirin use, nonaspirin NSAID use, self-reported heath status, morbidity score, history of arthritis, and survey cycle.
b
Regular use defined by use in the month before baseline and reported usual frequency of use 20+ days/month.
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.