Table 1. Baseline Characteristics by Initiation of Treatment With SGLT2i or Active Comparators Among Patients With Gout and Type 2 Diabetes.
| Variable | Patient cohorta | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before overlap weighting | After overlap weighting | |||||
| SGLT2i (n = 1548) | Active comparators (n = 4383) | Standard difference | SGLT2i (n = 1548) | Active comparators (n = 4383) | Standard difference | |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 61.8 (10.6) | 67.5 (11.6) | 0.518 | 62.5 (10.0) | 62.5 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Women | 248 (16.0) | 1078 (24.6) | 0.215 | 279 (18.0) | 788 (18.0) | <0.001 |
| Men | 1300 (84.0) | 3305 (75.4) | 0.215 | 1269 (82.0) | 3595 (82.0) | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic deprivation index score, mean (SD)b | 3.1 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.3) | 0.076 | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 34.8 (6.6) | 33.1 (6.7) | 0.249 | 34.6 (6.4) | 34.6 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Serum urate level, mean (SD), μmol/L | 388.9 (103.2) | 400.0 (110.8) | 0.104 | 391.1 (100.3) | 391.1 (104.8) | <0.001 |
| Gout duration, mean (SD), y | 11.9 (8.1) | 11.3 (8.6) | 0.070 | 11.1 (7.7) | 11.1 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes duration, mean (SD), y | 8.2 (6.4) | 9.0 (6.6) | 0.118 | 7.9 (6.0) | 7.9 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Region | ||||||
| England | 487 (31.5) | 2218 (50.6) | 0.434 | 635 (41.0) | 1795 (41.0) | <0.001 |
| Northern Ireland | 187 (12.1) | 359 (8.2) | 175 (11.3) | 494 (11.3) | ||
| Scotland | 442 (28.6) | 688 (15.7) | 285 (18.5) | 811 (18.5) | ||
| Wales | 432 (27.9) | 1118 (25.5) | 453 (29.3) | 1283 (29.3) | ||
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| None | 271 (17.5) | 956 (21.9) | 0.131 | 268 (17.3) | 758 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Past | 105 (6.8) | 250 (5.8) | 90 (5.8) | 254 (5.8) | ||
| Current | 1172 (75.7) | 3177 (72.5) | 1190 (76.9) | 3371 (76.9) | ||
| Smoking | ||||||
| None | 802 (51.8) | 2135 (48.7) | 0.066 | 788 (50.9) | 2230 (50.9) | <0.001 |
| Past | 596 (38.5) | 1828 (41.7) | 636 (41.1) | 1802 (41.1) | ||
| Current | 150 (9.7) | 420 (9.6) | 124 (8.0) | 351 (8.0) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)c | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.5) | 0.197 | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1081 (69.8) | 487 (11.1) | 0.170 | 1101 (71.1) | 3117 (71.1) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 189 (12.2) | 478 (10.9) | 0.042 | 141 (9.1) | 399 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 62 (4.0) | 324 (7.4) | 0.146 | 57 (3.7) | 162 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 57 (3.7) | 250 (5.7) | 0.096 | 63 (4.1) | 180 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 186 (12.0) | 500 (11.4) | 0.018 | 122 (7.9) | 346 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 367 (23.7) | 1100 (25.1) | 0.033 | 324 (20.9) | 916 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis | 412 (26.6) | 1447 (33.0) | 0.141 | 440 (28.4) | 1245 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| Varicose veins | 50 (3.2) | 302 (6.9) | 0.071 | 94 (6.1) | 267 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 53 (3.4) | 250 (5.7) | 0.109 | 65 (4.2) | 184 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 166 (10.7) | 1482 (33.8) | 0.579 | 173 (11.2) | 491 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Medication during the past year | ||||||
| Antihypertensives | 1246 (80.5) | 3770 (86.0) | 0.148 | 1248 (80.6) | 3534 (80.6) | <0.001 |
| Other antidiabetic medication | 1485 (95.9) | 4349 (99.2) | 0.213 | 1515 (97.9) | 4292 (97.9) | <0.001 |
| Corticosteroid | 362 (23.4) | 1070 (24.4) | 0.025 | 354 (22.9) | 1004 (22.9) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 423 (27.3) | 1495 (34.1) | 0.147 | 401 (25.9) | 1135 (25.9) | <0.001 |
| PPIs | 740 (47.8) | 2056 (46.9) | 0.017 | 738 (47.7) | 2091 (47.7) | <0.001 |
| Nitrates | 142 (9.2) | 412 (9.4) | 0.004 | 107 (6.9) | 302 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| ULT | 669 (43.2) | 1946 (44.4) | 0.025 | 734 (47.4) | 2078 (47.4) | <0.001 |
| Opioids | 245 (15.8) | 710 (16.2) | 0.010 | 240 (15.5) | 680 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| NSAIDs | 601 (38.8) | 1850 (42.2) | 0.071 | 636 (41.1) | 1802 (41.1) | <0.001 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 194 (12.5) | 706 (16.1) | 0.103 | 217 (14.0) | 614 (14.0) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 245 (15.8) | 1074 (24.5) | 0.218 | 234 (15.1) | 662 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Health care service used in past year, mean (SD) No. | ||||||
| Hospitalizations | 0.5 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.6) | 0.124 | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.5 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| General practice visits | 6.4 (6.1) | 7.7 (7.2) | 0.181 | 7.0 (6.1) | 7.0 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Specialist referrals | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.119 | 0.7 (1.3) | 0.7 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; ULT, therapy to lower urate levels.
a
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as No. (%) of patients. Active comparators consist of glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.
b
Measured by the Townsend Deprivation Index, which was grouped into quintiles from 1 (least deprived) to 5 (most deprived).
c
Measured by a weighted score of 17 comorbidities, which ranged from 0 (none) to 37. Higher scores indicate higher predicted mortality rate.