Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
| Participants, No. (%) | P value a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total (N = 12 475) | Robust (n = 3856) | Only SMC (n = 6889) | Only slow gait (n = 557) | MCR (n = 1173) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 72.6 (5.2) | 72.3 (5.0) | 72.8 (5.3) | 71.5 (5.0) | 72.4 (5.1) | <.001b |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 7093 (56.9) | 2201 (57.1) | 3916 (56.8) | 290 (52.1) | 686 (58.5) | .09 |
| Female | 5382 (43.1) | 1655 (42.9) | 2973 (43.2)c | 267 (47.9) | 487 (41.5) | |
| Years of education, mean (SD), No. | 12.0 (2.4) | 12.1 (2.4) | 12.0 (2.4) | 11.6 (2.2) | 11.7 (2.5) | <.001 |
| Normal gait speed, mean (SD), m/s | 1.17 (0.22) | 1.24 (0.18) | 1.22 (0.18) | 0.86 (0.12) | 0.85 (0.12) | <.001 |
| Eye diseases | 4134 (33.1) | 1164 (30.2)d | 2388 (34.7)c | 172 (30.9) | 410 (35.0) | <.001 |
| Hearing difficulty | ||||||
| No | 6116 (49.0) | 2297 (59.6)c | 2935 (42.6)d | 340 (61.0)c | 544 (46.4) | <.001 |
| Sometimes | 4176 (33.5) | 1145 (29.7)d | 2502 (36.3)c | 160 (28.7)d | 369 (31.5) | |
| Yes | 2183 (17.5) | 414 (10.7)d | 1452 (21.1)c | 57 (10.2)d | 260 (22.2)c | |
| Receiving ≥5 medications | 2684 (21.5) | 715 (18.5)d | 1469 (21.3) | 153 (27.5)c | 347 (29.6)c | <.001 |
| Sleep duration, h/night | ||||||
| ≥7.0 | 5998 (48.1) | 1895 (49.1) | 3279 (47.6) | 260 (46.7) | 564 (48.1) | <.001 |
| 6.0-6.9 | 4036 (32.4) | 1300 (33.7)c | 2225 (32.3) | 185 (33.2) | 326 (27.8)d | |
| <6.0 | 2441 (19.6) | 661 (17.1)d | 1385 (20.1) | 112 (20.1) | 283 (24.1)c | |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness | 1807 (14.5) | 349 (9.1)d | 1159 (16.8)c | 64 (11.5)d | 235 (20.0)c | <.001 |
| Driving time, mean (SD), min/d | 50.5 (54.0) | 52.5 (56.7) | 48.5 (47.4) | 56.1 (80.5) | 53.2 (64.2) | <.001 |
| Objective cognitive impairment | ||||||
| Any | 2756 (22.1) | 734 (19.0)d | 1456 (21.1)d | 154 (27.6)c | 412 (35.1)c | <.001 |
| Word memoryb | 1281 (10.3) | 335 (8.7)d | 662 (9.6)d | 69 (12.4) | 215 (18.3)c | <.001 |
| Trail Making Test–part Ab | 974 (7.8) | 245 (6.4)d | 502 (7.3)d | 73 (13.1)c | 154 (13.1)c | <.001 |
| Trail Making Test–part Bb | 887 (7.1) | 222 (5.8)d | 461 (6.7)d | 53 (9.5)c | 151 (12.9)c | <.001 |
| Symbol Digit Substitution testb | 648 (5.2) | 141 (3.7)d | 306 (4.4)d | 50 (9.0)c | 151 (12.9)c | <.001 |
Abbreviations: MCR, motoric cognitive risk syndrome; SMC, subjective memory concerns.
a
Continuous variables between groups were assessed using 1-way analysis of variance. Category variables between groups were compared using Pearson χ2 test.
b
Percentage of those who returned results lower than the standardized thresholds in each test.
c
Adjusted standardized residual was greater than 1.96.
d
Adjusted standardized residual was less than −1.96.