Table. Patient Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 1 319 273) | Black (n = 122 972 [9.3%]) | Hispanic (n = 117 668 [8.9%]) | White (n = 1 078 633 [81.8%]) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 77 (8.4) | 75.1 (8.5) | 76.1 (8.3) | 77.4 (8.4) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 739 456 (56.1) | 56 728 (46.1) | 64 964 (55.2) | 617 764 (57.3) |
| Female | 579 817 (44) | 66 244 (53.9) | 52 704 (44.8) | 460 869 (42.7) |
| Admission source | ||||
| Community | 1 089 005 (82.6) | 108 147 (87.9) | 105 742 (89.9) | 875 116 (81.1) |
| Hospital | 193 176 (14.6) | 11 462 (9.3) | 9428 (8) | 172 286 (16) |
| SNF or nursing home | 15 696 (1.2) | 1590 (1.29) | 752 (0.6) | 13 354 (1.2) |
| Other | 21 396 (1.6) | 1773 (1.4) | 1746 (1.5) | 17 877 (1.7) |
| Dual eligible | 249 190 (18.9) | 48 827 (39.7) | 49 180 (41.8) | 151 183 (14) |
| BMI | ||||
| Underweight | 21 280 (1.6) | 3150 (2.6) | 1329 (1.1) | 16 801 (1.6) |
| Morbid obesity | 48 758 (3.7) | 5700 (4.6) | 2978 (2.5) | 40 080 (3.7) |
| Myocardial infarction location | ||||
| Anterior wall | 98 222 (7.5) | 7182 (5.8) | 7869 (6.7) | 83 171 (7.7) |
| Inferior wall | 137 151 (10.4) | 8975 (7.3) | 9928 (8.4) | 118 248 (11) |
| Lateral wall | 21 867 (1.7) | 1501 (1.2) | 1767 (1.5) | 18 599 (1.7) |
| Unspecified | 39 594 (3) | 3742 (3) | 4178 (3.6) | 31 674 (2.9) |
| NSTEMI | 1 022 439 (77.5) | 101 572 (82.6) | 93 926 (79.8) | 826 941 (76.7) |
| Congestive heart failure | ||||
| Systolic | 238 297 (18.1) | 24 494 (19.9) | 21 826 (18.6) | 191 977 (17.8) |
| Diastolic | 143 395 (10.9) | 16 755 (13.6) | 11 356 (9.7) | 115 284 (10.7) |
| Systolic and diastolic | 82 691 (6.3) | 9414 (7.7) | 7137 (6.1) | 66 140 (6.1) |
| Unspecified | 72 902 (5.5) | 8325 (6.8) | 8837 (7.5) | 55 740 (5.2) |
| Right heart failure | 1776 (0.1) | 215 (0.2) | 138 (0.1) | 1423 (0.1) |
| Biventricular heart failure | 1997 (0.2) | 228 (0.2) | 141 (0.1) | 1628 (0.2) |
| End-stage heart failure | 1175 (0.1) | 163 (0.1) | 170 (0.1) | 842 (0.1) |
| Complications of AMI | ||||
| Ventricular septal defect | 665 (0.1) | 15 (0) | 35 (0) | 615 (0.1) |
| LV rupture | 418 (0) | 7 (0.01) | 28 (0) | 383 (0) |
| Papillary muscle rupture | 237 (0) | 10 (0.01) | 9 (0.01) | 218 (0) |
| Prior procedures | ||||
| PCI | 249 477 (18.9) | 22 186 (18) | 18 984 (16.1) | 208 307 (19.3) |
| CABG | 176 877 (13.4) | 12 925 (10.5) | 15 152 (12.9) | 148 800 (13.8) |
| Heart valve surgery | 27 562 (2.1) | 1662 (1.4) | 1860 (1.6) | 24 040 (2.2) |
| Dialysis | 38 531 (2.9) | 10 428 (8.5) | 7377 (6.3) | 20 726 (1.9) |
| AICD | 30 373 (2.3) | 4225 (3.4) | 2883 (2.5) | 23 265 (2.2) |
| COVID-19 | 1514 (0.1) | 229 (0.2) | 288 (0.2) | 997 (0.1) |
| Functional status | ||||
| Using wheelchair | 5858 (0.4) | 869 (0.7) | 500 (0.4) | 4489 (0.4) |
| Supplemental oxygen | 40 072 (3) | 3213 (2.6) | 2003 (1.7) | 34 856 (3.2) |
| Dependent on caregiver | 5914 (0.5) | 1145 (0.9) | 1282 (1.1) | 3487 (0.3) |
| Elixhauser comorbidity | ||||
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 453 158 (34.4) | 36 613 (29.8) | 31 343 (26.6) | 385 202 (35.7) |
| Valvular heart disease | 236 696 (17.9) | 20 220 (16.4) | 17 030 (14.5) | 199 446 (18.5) |
| Pulmonary circulation | 98 265 (7.5) | 12 516 (10.2) | 7417 (6.3) | 78 332 (7.3) |
| Peripheral vascular disorder | 166 890 (12.7) | 15 525 (12.6) | 12 904 (11) | 138 461 (12.8) |
| Hypertension, uncomplicated | 529 186 (40.1) | 41 175 (33.5) | 46 161 (39.2) | 441 850 (41) |
| Hypertension, complicated | 619 100 (46.9) | 74 646 (60.7) | 59 886 (50.9) | 484 568 (44.9) |
| Paralysis | 5515 (0.4) | 765 (0.6) | 551 (0.5) | 4199 (0.4) |
| Neurologic disorder, other | 97 497 (7.4) | 11 490 (9.3) | 7949 (6.8) | 78 058 (7.2) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 316 864 (24) | 29 969 (24.4) | 21 054 (17.9) | 265 841 (24.7) |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 223 197 (16.9) | 23 692 (19.3) | 26 582 (22.6) | 172 923 (16) |
| Diabetes, complicated | 339 662 (25.8) | 43 486 (35.4) | 43 226 (36.7) | 252 950 (23.5) |
| Hypothyroidism | 228 080 (17.3) | 11 662 (9.5) | 18 731 (15.9) | 197 687 (18.3) |
| Kidney failure | 408 284 (31) | 53 606 (43.6) | 39 344 (33.4) | 315 334 (29.2) |
| Liver disease | 34 009 (2.6) | 3914 (3.2) | 3786 (3.2) | 26 309 (2.4) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 8013 (0.6) | 803 (0.7) | 708 (0.6) | 6502 (0.6) |
| AIDS or HIV | 911 (0.1) | 320 (0.3) | 136 (0.1) | 455 (0) |
| Lymphoma | 9016 (0.7) | 1037 (0.8) | 636 (0.5) | 7343 (0.7) |
| Metastatic cancer | 15 993 (1.2) | 1658 (1.4) | 1078 (0.9) | 13 257 (1.2) |
| Solid tumor | 40 240 (3.1) | 4179 (3.4) | 2826 (2.4) | 33 235 (3.1) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 44 128 (3.3) | 4082 (3.3) | 2915 (2.5) | 37 131 (3.4) |
| Coagulopathy | 63 707 (4.8) | 6597 (5.4) | 6048 (5.1) | 51 062 (4.7) |
| Weight loss | 51 439 (3.9) | 7430 (6) | 4301 (3.7) | 39 708 (3.7) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 293 641 (22.3) | 34 379 (28) | 27 745 (23.6) | 231 517 (21.5) |
| Anemia, blood loss | 8352 (0.6) | 926 (0.8) | 655 (0.6) | 6771 (0.6) |
| Anemia, deficiency | 49 036 (3.7) | 6596 (5.4) | 4172 (3.6) | 38 268 (3.6) |
| Alcohol abuse | 25 806 (2) | 3050 (2.5) | 2233 (1.9) | 20 523 (1.9) |
| Drug abuse | 16 232 (1.2) | 3644 (3) | 1260 (1.1) | 11 328 (1.1) |
| Psychoses | 6549 (0.5) | 1356 (1.1) | 743 (0.6) | 4450 (0.4) |
| Depression | 127 105 (9.6) | 12 516 (6.2) | 7417 (7.3) | 78 332 (10.3) |
| Total beds, No. | ||||
| <50 | 14 513 (1.1) | 971 (0.8) | 824 (0.7) | 12 718 (1.2) |
| 51-149 | 195 615 (14.8) | 11 317 (9.2) | 13 894 (11.8) | 170 404 (15.8) |
| 150-249 | 305 966 (23.2) | 23 592 (19.2) | 29 358 (25) | 253 016 (23.5) |
| 250-499 | 520 901 (39.5) | 51 227 (41.7) | 47 975 (40.8) | 421 699 (39.1) |
| ≥500 | 282 278 (21.4) | 35 865 (29.2) | 25 617 (21.8) | 220 796 (20.5) |
| Resident-to-bed ratio | ||||
| 0 | 553 595 (42) | 41 550 (33.8) | 50 711 (43.1) | 461 334 (42.8) |
| >0-0.10 | 371 616 (28.2) | 28 270 (23) | 32 262 (27.4) | 311 084 (28.8) |
| 0.11-0.20 | 148 004 (11.2) | 13 514 (11) | 12 384 (10.5) | 122 106 (11.3) |
| 0.21-0.40 | 133 596 (10.1) | 17 633 (14.3) | 10 120 (8.6) | 105 843 (9.8) |
| 0.41- | 112 462 (8.5) | 22 005 (17.9) | 12 191 (10.4) | 78 266 (7.3) |
| Rurality | ||||
| Rural hospital | 102 823 (7.8) | 6420 (5.2) | 1860 (1.6) | 94 543 (8.8) |
| Large urban hospital | 601 612 (45.6) | 74 083 (60.2) | 71 082 (60.4) | 456 447 (42.3) |
| Other urban hospital | 614 838 (46.6) | 42 469 (34.5) | 44 726 (38) | 527 643 (48.9) |
| Disproportionate share (DSH), % | ||||
| 0-9.9 | 68 579 (5.2) | 2632 (2.1) | 5054 (4.3) | 60 893 (5.7) |
| 10.0-24.9 | 462 132 (35) | 28 751 (23.4) | 26 099 (22.2) | 407 282 (37.8) |
| 25.0-49.9 | 695 827 (52.7) | 71 719 (58.3) | 56 203 (47.8) | 567 905 (52.7) |
| ≥50.0 | 92 735 (7) | 19 870 (16.2) | 30 312 (25.8) | 42 553 (4) |
| Patients with AMI who are members of minority populations, % | ||||
| <5 | 370 849 (28.1) | 4979 (4.1) | 4043 (3.4) | 361 827 (33.5) |
| 5.0-9.9 | 258 352 (19.6) | 10 193 (8.3) | 8065 (6.9) | 240 094 (22.3) |
| 10.0-24.9 | 371 375 (28.2) | 38 705 (31.5) | 21 502 (18.3) | 311 168 (28.9) |
| 25.0-49.9 | 215 721 (16.4) | 43 061 (35) | 32 267 (27.4) | 140 393 (13) |
| ≥50.0 | 102 976 (7.8) | 26 034 (21.2) | 51 791 (44) | 25 151 (2.3) |
| Volume of AMI hospitalizations, No. | ||||
| <200 | 117 722 (8.9) | 13 051 (10.6) | 12 828 (10.9) | 91 843 (8.5) |
| 200-499 | 202 031 (15.3) | 22 773 (18.5) | 23 266 (19.8) | 155 992 (14.5) |
| 500-999 | 456 162 (34.6) | 45 763 (37.2) | 39 778 (33.8) | 370 621 (34.4) |
| 1000-1999 | 427 403 (32.4) | 32 790 (26.7) | 31 125 (26.5) | 363 488 (33.7) |
| ≥2000 | 115 955 (8.8) | 8595 (7) | 10 671 (9.1) | 96 689 (9) |
| Hospital weekly proportion of COVID-19 cases, %a | ||||
| 0-2.0 | 91 121 (54.2) | 7317 (47.5) | 8579 (53.9) | 75 225 (55) |
| 2.1-9.9 | 52 523 (31.2) | 5347 (34.7) | 4729 (29.7) | 42 447 (31) |
| 10.1-20.0 | 16 657 (9.9) | 1919 (12.5) | 1669 (10.5) | 13 069 (9.6) |
| 20.1-30.0 | 5208 (3.1) | 538 (3.5) | 506 (3.2) | 4164 (3) |
| ≥30.1% | 2600 (1.6) | 270 (1.8) | 437 (2.7) | 1893 (1.4) |
| Outcome | ||||
| 30-d Mortality | 148 659 (11.3) | 12 874 (10.5) | 13 559 (11.5) | 122 226 (11.3) |
| 30-d Readmission | 273 981 (20.8) | 28 715 (23.4) | 26 772 (22.8) | 218 494 (20.3) |
| Nonhome discharge | 299 145 (22.7) | 28 738 (23.4) | 22 780 (0) | 247 627 (23) |
| Revascularization | 675 290 (51.2) | 50 509 (41.1) | 51 926 (44.1) | 572 855 (53.1) |
Abbreviations: AICD, automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; DSH, disproportionate share hospital; LV, left ventricle; NSTEMI, non–ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SNF, skilled nursing facility.
a
Excludes cases before the COVID-19 pandemic.