Abstract
Strains of Neisseria meningitidis of serogroup B isolated in the Czech Republic frequently belong to serotype 22. We analyzed the genetic relationships among strains of this serotype by using the multilocus enzyme electrophoresis technique and the polymorphism of the pilA gene. Our results indicate that these strains correspond to a highly heterogeneous population rather than to the expansion of a single clone.
Meningococcal infections provoked by Neisseria meningitidis occur either as endemic or epidemic outbreaks. The characterization of strains involved in these infections is an important aspect of epidemiological surveillance. Current serological methods of typing are based on the immunospecificity of bacterial surface structures. These methods define the antigenic formula (serogroup:serotype:serosubtype) by using antibodies directed against the capsule, the outer membrane protein PorB, and the outer membrane protein PorA, respectively. However, the antibodies used in this characterization are not comprehensive, and a variable proportion of strains remains nontypeable (NT) and/or nonsubtypeable (NST). This was the case in the Czech Republic, where 50 to 80% of meningococcal strains were NT and/or NST (9).
Recently, a new monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against PorB was developed by immunizing BALB/c mice with the whole-cell antigen of an N. meningitidis B:NT:NST strain isolated in the Czech Republic (9). The new MAb has permitted the description of a new serotype among NT strains. This serotype was named 22, as the last available serotype-specific MAb was 21 (9). Serotype 22 accounted for 37% of the NT strains of serogroup B isolated in the Czech Republic between 1973 and 1994 (9). However, the genetic relationship among strains of serotype 22 has not been previously established. The aim of this work was to analyze the heterogeneity of those strains. For this purpose we studied 22 strains belonging to serotype 22 isolated in the Czech Republic between 1993 and 1997 (Table 1). The strains were selected from invasive cases and from carriers. Serological typing was performed as previously described (1, 4). All strains belonged to serogroup B and to serotype 22; however, several serosubtypes were observed (Table 1).
TABLE 1.
Strains tested and their characteristics
| Strain (No.-Year) | Antigenic formula (serogroup:serotype: serosubtype) | PCRREPa | pilA allele | MLEE scoreb
|
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M E | G 6 P | P E P | I D H | A C O | G D 1 | G D 2 | A D H | F U M | A L P | S O D | A D K | ET groupc | ||||
| 319-95 | B:22:P1.14 | 16-3-1 | pilA26 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | A |
| 15-95 | B:22:P1.14 | 16-3-1 | pilA26 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | B |
| 442-95 | B:22:P1.14 | 16-3-1 | pilA26 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | B |
| 478-95 | B:22:P1.14 | 16-3-1 | pilA26 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | B |
| 481-95 | B:22:P1.15 | 16-3-1 | pilA26 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | B |
| 269-96 | B:22:P1.14 | 16-3-1 | pilA26 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | C |
| 350-93 | B:22:P1.5 | 2-1-1 | pilA2 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 13 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | D |
| 546-94 | B:22:P1.2,P1.5 | 2-1-1 | pilA2 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | E |
| 547-94 | B:22:P1.2,P1.5 | 2-1-1 | pilA2 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | D |
| 65-95 | B:22:P1.3,P1.6 | 6-3-4 | pilA4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | E |
| 355-95 | B:22:P1.2,P1.5 | 6-3-4 | pilA4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | F |
| 87-96 | B:22:P1.14 | 16-13-1 | pilA25 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | G |
| 422-95 | B:22:P1.7 | 3-1-9 | pilA31 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | H |
| 477-95 | B:22:P1.3,P1.6 | 3-1-2 | pilA3 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 2 | I |
| 479-95 | B:22:P1.2,P1.5 | 6-3-2 | pilA29 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | J |
| 261-96 | B:22:P1.2,P1.5 | 3-2-2 | pilA14 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | K |
| 504-95 | B:22:P1.14 | 13-4-7 | pilA27 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | L |
| 114-96 | B:22:P1.5 | 14-9-12 | pilA28 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | M |
| 320-96 | B:22:P1.7,P1.14 | 17-3-3 | pilA30 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | N |
| 323-96 | B:22:P1.9 | 4-4-13 | pilA35 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | O |
| 380-94 | B:22:P1.3,P1.6 | 18-3-2 | pilA36 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | P |
| 64-97 | B:22:P1.9 | 12-14-2 | pilA34 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | Q |
Each pilA allele is designated by three numbers corresponding to the three digestions (i.e., AluI profile-HpaII profile-TaqI profile).
Sequential numeric designations were allocated beginning with enzymes closest to the end of electrophoresis.
ET groups were designated by arbitrary letters. Strains which differ by no more than two enzymes clustered together.
Genetic typing according to the polymorphism of the pilA gene was performed as previously described (5, 6). Strains were passaged on GCB medium (Difco) with Kellogg supplements (7). DNA was purified and subjected to PCR-restriction endonuclease pattern (REP) analysis. Briefly, this method is based on the amplification of the pilA gene and the analysis of its polymorphism by digesting the PCR product with one of three restriction enzymes (AluI, HpaII, or TaqI). For each enzyme several REPs are observed. An arbitrary number was assigned to each profile, and an allele was defined by using three numbers corresponding to the three REPs obtained (6). The distribution of the alleles of the pilA gene was shown to correspond to different genetic lineages (6).
Among the 22 strains tested in this study, 14 groups corresponding to 14 alleles of pilA were characterized (Table 1). One group (the group of the allele pilA26) contained six strains; it represents the most common allele (27%) among the strains tested. A combined numerical analysis of different restriction profiles was performed with the Taxotron software package as previously described (6). In comparison with our collection of strains (6), the strains of serotype 22 were distributed all over the phylogenetic tree, indicating the high heterogeneity of these strains (Fig. 1). A weak correlation was observed between the distribution of pilA alleles and serosubtypes. The serosubtype P1.2,P1.5 was found in strains from four different groups, as determined by the polymorphism of pilA (pilA2, pilA4, pilA14, and pilA29). Moreover, strains from the same group (pilA26) showed two different serosubtypes (P1.14 and P1.15 [Table 1]). Indeed, several previous studies have shown the lack of correlation between genetic typing and serological characterization of meningococcal strains (6, 11).
FIG. 1.
Dendrogram from cluster analysis obtained by the unweighted pair-group method of averages algorithm. The 38 unique alleles of pilA currently characterized are shown to the right of the dendrogram. Strains of serotype 22 tested in this study are indicated to the right of the corresponding pilA alleles.
To provide more insights into the genetic relationships among these strains, we studied them further by the multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) method. This technique is based on the difference in electrophoretic mobility of isoenzymes encoded by the different alleles of a given gene. Several enzymes are usually analyzed, and their electrophoretic profile is called the electrotype (ET). This method defines “clonal complexes,” which are composed of closely related clones corresponding to ETs which differ by the migration of no more than two enzymes (3). A distinctive group of clones are clustered into the ET-5 complex. These clones usually belong to serogroup B, serotype 15. The ET-37 complex is composed of closely related clones belonging to serogroup C, serotype 2a (2).
The following enzymes were assayed: malic enzyme (ME; EC 1.1.1.40), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P; EC 1.1.1.49), leucine aminopeptidase (PEP; EC 3.4.11.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH; EC 1.1.1.42), aconitase (ACO; EC 4.2.1.3), glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP dependent) (GD1; EC 1.4.1.2), glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD dependent) (GD2; EC 1.4.1.4), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1), fumarase (FUM; EC 4.2.1.2), alkaline phosphate (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1), superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), and adenylate kinase (ADK; EC 2.7.4.3). Preparation of enzyme extracts, horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of FUM, and enzyme-staining procedures were performed as previously described (10) with the exception of the substitution of 0.2 M Tris-maleate, pH 6, for 0.2 M Tris-HCl, pH 8, in PEP-staining solution and of direct SOD pattern determination on gels stained for ACO. Other isozymes were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 10% gels with 3% stacking gels, both containing 0.2 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, at 500 V, 4°C, for 2.5 h (12 h for PEP, GD1, and GD2 assays) in standard Tris-glycine buffer and in Protean II (Bio-Rad). Enzyme extracts were diluted 1:4 in 40% glycerol-water solution and loaded on the gels as 10-μl samples. This setting provided better isozyme discrimination than starch gel electrophoresis. The results obtained by the MLEE analysis also showed a high degree of heterogeneity among the strains of serotype 22 tested in this study. Indeed, 19 different ETs were observed (Table 1). They clustered into 17 different clonal complexes (ETs which differ by no more than two enzymes are clustered together). The identified clusters did not correspond to any major clonal complex, such as ET-5 or ET-37 complexes. A good, but not perfect, correlation was observed between MLEE analysis and the polymorphism of pilA. Indeed strains 15-95, 442-95, 478-95, and 481-95 (but not 319-95 and 269-96) are clustered together by the two methods. This was also the case for strains 350-93, 546-94, and 547-94 (Table 1).
It is interesting to note that two strains (65-95 and 355-95) have the allele pilA4, which has been shown to be correlated with the ET-37 complex (6). However, the MLEE analysis did not cluster these strains into the ET-37 complex. Moreover, strains belonging to the ET-37 complex were not reported in the Czech Republic before 1993. Indeed, an endemic situation was observed in the Czech Republic from 1970 to 1993, with sporadic cases. Strains of N. meningitidis of serogroup B and serotype 22 were predominant during this period (8, 9). By the spring of 1993, a new epidemiological situation occurred; the meningococcal strains involved showed the antigenic formula C:2a:P1.2 (P1.5) and belonged to ET-15, a member of the ET-37 clonal complex (8). Bacteria isolated during this epidemic have the allele pilA4 (data not shown). The acquisition of the allele pilA4 by strains of serotype 22 may have occurred by horizontal DNA exchange between the endemic strains of serotype 22 and the new epidemic clone of the ET-37 complex. Alternatively, capsule and serotype switching of the epidemic clone may account for the appearance of strains such as 65-95 and 355-95. Capsule switching of N. meningitidis has been proposed to occur during an epidemic (reference 12 and data not shown). The fact that these strains did not belong to ET-37, as indicated by the MLEE analysis, is in favor of the first explanation. The study of the polymorphism of other genes may be needed to better analyze such strains.
Our data clearly demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity among strains of serotype 22. These results support the hypothesis that the high frequency of this serotype of N. meningitidis in the Czech Republic did not result from the expansion of a single clone but rather from the local adaptation of the meningococcal strains to their hosts.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Colin Tinsley for his careful reading of the manuscript.
This work was partially supported by research grants 310/96/K102 of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic and 3982-3 of the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (M.M. and P.K.) and by the Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (M.-K.T.).
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