| BC | before Christ |
| CKD | chronic kidney disease |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DOHaD | Developmental Origins of Health and Disease |
| ESKD | end-stage kidney disease |
| FMT | fecal microbiota transplantation |
| IAA | indole-3-acetic acid |
| IgA1 | Imunglobuline a1 |
| IGM | infant gut microbiota |
| IS | indoxyl sulfate |
| LPS | lipopolysaccharides |
| NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa b |
| NO | nitric oxide |
| PCS | p-cresyl sulfate |
| p-CS | p-cresyl sulfate |
| pro-oxidants | promote oxidation |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| RTRs | renal transplant recipients |
| SCFA | short-chain fatty acids |
| TH17 | t helper 17 |
| TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
| TMAO | trimethylamine n-oxide |
| TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
| Treg | regulatory t cell |
| UTI | urinary tract infection |
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