Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies.
| Authors | Location of Study | Study Design | Multicenter | Type of Infection | GDM Diagnosis Criteria | Number of Total Patients | Number of Patients without GDM with Infection/Total without GDM | Number of Patients with GDM with Infection/Total GDM | Strobe Score (Out of 22) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eskenazi B, et al. 2022 [35] | Multinational 18 countries | Prospective cohort study | Yes | SARS-CoV-2 | Abstracted from medical records | 2071 | 564/1824 | 75/194 | 20 |
| Johnson CY, et al. 2021 [36] | USA | Case control study | Yes | urinary tract infections | N/A | 41,869 | 7003/38,908 | 445/2118 | 18 |
| Radan AP, et al. 2022 [37] | Switzerland | Case control study | No | SARS-CoV-2 | IADPSG criteria | 224 | 24/149 | 26/75 | 20 |
| Epelboin S, et al. 2021 [38] | France | Retrospective cohort study | Yes | SARS-CoV-2 | ICD 10 codes | 244,645 | 735/214,735 | 139/29,251 | 22 |
| Lukic A, et al. 2017 [39] | Italy | Prospective cohort study | Yes | Cervicovaginal Bacteria—group B Streptococcus, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp., Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum |
N/A | 473 | 169/346 | 59/103 | 19 |
| Gogeneni H, et al. 2015 [40] | Turkey | Case control study | No | Gingivitis—Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis and Treponema denticola | IADPSG criteria | 117 | 31/58 | 38/59 | 18 |
| Son KH, et al. 2015 [41] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort study | Yes | Infection of genitourinary tract | ICD-10 codes (Data from National Health Insurance) | 1,282,498 | 246,378/1,171,575 | 19,323/78,716 | 18 |
| Keskin Kurt R, et al. 2013 [42] | Turkey | Prospective cohort study | No | Demodex folliculorum | Carpenter and Coustan criteria | 66 | 30-Jan | 9/33 | 18 |
| Esteves Lima RP, et al. 2013 [43] | Brazil | Case control study | No | Periodontitis | IADPSG criteria | 360 | 125/270 | 36/90 | 20 |
| Chokwiriyachit A, et al.2013 [44] | Thailand | Case control study | Yes | Periodontitis | the NDDG criteria | 100 | 13/50 | 25/50 | 18 |
| Mannan M, et al. 2012 [15] | Bangladesh | Cross-sectional study | Yes | urinary tract infections | Modified method of Carpenter and Coustan criteria following 75 g OGTT | 960 | 3/72 | 12/71 | 19 |
| Xiong X, et al. 2009 [45] | USA | Case control study | No | Periodontitis | Carpenter and Coustan criteria | 159 | 64/102 | 41/53 | 20 |
| Odar E, et al. 2004 [46] | Uganda | Prospective cohort study | No | Vaginal candidiasis | The WHO criteria for diagnosis of diabetes—two-hour 75 g oral glucose load | 90 | 2/60 | 30-Jun | 19 |
| Nowakowska D, et al. 2004 [24] | Poland | Cross-sectional study | No | Vaginal mycosis | N/A | 251 | 18/132 | 16/72 | 14 |
| Rizk DE, et al. 2001 [28] | United Arab Emirates | Prospective cohort study | No |
E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and group B streptococcus Asymptomatic bacteriuria Symptomatic urinary tract infections Acute cystitis Acute pyelonephritis |
Venous plasma glucose levels of 5.3 mmol/L after fasting and/or 8.6 mmol/L 2 h after an oral 75 g glucose load | 447 | 19/298 | 12/149 | 16 |
| Piper JM, et al. 1999 [47] | USA | Prospective cohort study | No | Group B Streptococcus colonization | At least one abnormal OGTT value according to the NDDG criteria | 1492 | 253/1046 | 117/466 | 18 |
IADPSG, international association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups; NDDG, national diabetes data group; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.