Table 1.
Qualitative results of clinical trials and research studies of antioxidant remedies for prevention and attenuation of CIN.
| Antioxidant | Results of Using against CIN |
Clinical Trials (Studies) |
|---|---|---|
| NAC | positive | on humans [53,54,55,56,57,58,60], meta-analyses [59,61,71] |
| no results | on humans [62,63,64,65,66,67], meta-analyses [68,69,72] | |
| Glutathione | no results | on humans [78,79,80] |
| Vitamin C | positive | on humans [96,97,98], meta-analyses [94,95] |
| no results | on humans [99,100,101,102,103,104] | |
| Vitamin E | positive | on humans, meta-analyses [113,114] |
| no results | on humans [115,116] | |
| Bilirubin/HO-1 | positive (expected) | Association of bilirubin level with CIN was found in [124,125,139]; induction of HO-1 (on animals) [140] |
| Melatonin | positive | on animal models [146,149,152,153,154,155] |
| L-carnitine | positive | on humans [162,163,164,165] |
| Statins | positive | on humans [170,171,172,173], meta-analyses [174,175,176,177], on animals [178,179] |
| controversial | on humans [180] | |
| Probucol | positive | on humans [181,182], meta-analyses [183,185] |
| no results | on humans, meta-analysis [184] | |
| MESNA | positive | on humans [190,192] |
| Resveratrol | positive | on animal models [195,196], in vitro [197,198,199,200] |
| Astaxanthin | positive | on animal models [204,205,206,207] |
| Lycopene | positive | on animal models [200,209,210,211] |
| Green tea extract | positive | on animal models [219,220] |
| GSPE | positive | on animal models [224,225] |
| Curcumin | positive | on animal models [228,229] |
| Xylose-pyrogallol conjugate | positive | on animal models [231] |