Table 1.

Examples of endogenous stimuli-responsive antibacterial nanomaterials.

Antibacterial Nanomaterials	Triggers	Nanocarriers	Bactericidal Moieties	Bacteria/Biofilm	Ref.
AZM-DA NPs	pH	multi-segment graft copolymer	azithromycin (AZM)	in vitro: P. aeruginosa (AZM equivalent: 8 μg/mL)in vivo: P. aeruginosa biofilm:(AZM equivalent: 25 mg/kg)	[43]
Ag nanoparticle clusters (AgNCs)	pH	functional polymers	release Ag+	MIC: MRSA (4 µg/ mL) and E. coli (8 µg/ mL)MBC: MRSA (32 µg /mL) and E. coli (32 µg /mL)	[47]
PPEGMA-AuNRs	pH	polymethacrylate (PCB)polymethacrylate with pendant mPEG (PPEGMA)	pH-induced surface charge-transformable, biofilm elimination	MIC: E. coli and S. aureus (31.25 μg Au/mL) MRSA and EBSL E. coli (125 μg/mL)	[48]
ferulic acid-encapsulated nanoparticles (FA-NPs).	pH	amphiphile peptide	ferulic acid	MIC: E. coli (750 μg/mL), S. aureus (900 μg/mL)	[56]
AA@GS@HA-MNPs	enzyme (hyaluronidase)	graphene-mesoporous silica nanosheet@hyaluronic acid-magnetic nanoparticles	ascorbic acid (AA)vancomycin	in vitro: E. coli and S. aureus (AA equivalent: 4 mg/mL)in vivo: S. aureus Biofilm (AA equivalent: 1 mg/mL)	[45]
Enzyme-responsive polymeric vesicles	enzyme: penicillin G amidase (PGA) and β-lactamase (Bla)	polymeric vesicles	structural rearrangement and morphological transitions, release PGA and Bla	MRSA, B. longum, L. acidophilus, and E. faecalis (1.0 μg/mL)	[67]
Ag-mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Ag-MONs)	GSH	mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONs)	Ag NPssilver nitrate	E. coli and S. aureus. (1.28 μg/mL)	[46]