Table 2.
Examples of exogenous stimuli-responsive antibacterial nanomaterials.
| Antibacterial Nanomaterials | Triggers | Nanocarriers | Bactericidal Moieties | Bacteria/Biofilm | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nanogel containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | light | polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers mats | release Ag+: disrupts ATP production and DNA replicationROS damage cell membranes | S. aureus and E. coli (57.6 μg/mL) | [88] |
| DSPE-AuNR | light | Polymeric Hydrogel | Photothermal-induced antibacterial activity | P. aeruginosa biofilm (0.25–0.03 nM) | [90] |
| ZnTCPP@ZnO | ultrasound | MOF | ROS | Propionibacterium acnes | [107] |
| BM2-LVFX-NPs | ultrasound | levofloxacin-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles with BM2 aptamer | ROS | Bacillus Calmette-Guérin bacteria | [110] |
| RBC-HNTM-Pt@Au | ultrasound | Au NRs-actuated single-atom-doped porphyrin MOF (HNTM-Pt@Au) | ROS, dynamically neutralize the secreted toxins | MRSA | [111] |
| HNTM/Nb2C | ultrasound | Nb2C nanosheet-decorated porphyrin MOF hollow nanotubes (HNTM/Nb2C) | ROS (the rapid charge transfer and suppressed recombination of electron–hole pairs) | MRSA | [113] |
| Na+ inserted PB system | microwave | MOF, Prussian blue (PB) | Fenton reaction and thermal effects | E. coli and S. aureus | [114] |
| TiO2@MS-SH/Nor-Dex nanocomposite hydrogels | ultrasound | mesoporous silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles with thiolated surface functionalization (TiO2@MS-SH), norbornene-functionalized dextran (Nor-Dex) | ROS | E. coli and S. aureus | [115] |
| NCJC/Fe3O4/Ag | magnetic field | nanocrystalline jute cellulose (NCJC) particles | Ag+ | S. aureus, E. coli, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, Shigella boydii (5 μg/mL) | [117] |
| TA-CFO/PVA | magnetic field | tannin (TA), cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFO NPs), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix | TA, Co2+ | E. coli and S. aureus | [118] |
| GLM-Fe | magnetic field | Galinstan-based liquid-metal microparticles and nanoparticles (GLM-Fe) | magnetic field induces the GLM-Fe particles to spin, shape-transform, and impart physical forces to the bacteria | P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (100 μg/mL) | [120] |
| MXene@Fe3O4/Au/PDA nanosheets | magnetic field/light | polydopamine | PTT, nanosheet cuts the cytomembrane | E. coli and S. aureus (120 μg/mL) | [121] |