Table 3.

List of α-amylase inhibitors (in vitro) isolated from diverse plant species.

Class of Compounds	Bioactive Compound	Source (Plant’s Name)	IC50	IC50 (Control) (Acarbose)	Ref.
Flavonoids	5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-3-((E)-3-methylbut-1-enyl)-5-(3-methylbut-3-enyl)phenyl)chroman-4-one	Andrographis echioides	3.357 µg/mL		[134]
	Luteolin	Taraxacum mongolicum	42.33 ± 0.82 μg/mL	-	[135]
	Isoquercitrin	Melilotus officinalis	9.65 ± 0.43 μg/mL	17.68 ± 1.24 μg/mL	[76]
	Epicatechin gallate	Euryale ferox (seed coat)	0.92 mg/mL	1.08 mg/mL	[136]
	Puerarin	Agave americana L.	3.87 μM		[137]
	Tricetin	Punica granatum	0.43 ± 0.12 mg/mL	0.038 ± 0.017 mg/mL	[138]
Flavonoid glucoside	Tricetin 4′-O-β-glucopyranoside		1.17 ± 0.32 mg/mL
	Rutin	Melilotus officinalis	11.42 ± 0.62 μg/mL	17.68 ± 1.24 μg/mL	[76]
	quercetagetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Tagetes minuta L.	7.8 µM	7.1 µM	[139]
	luteolin-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside	Phylanthus emblica L.	89.79%	-	[89]
	hypolaetin 8-O-β-D-galactopyranoside	Thymelaea tartonraira (leaves)	46.49 ± 2.32 μg/mL	0.44 ± 0.022 μg/mL	[140]
Ent-kaurane diterpenoids	Wedtriloside A	Wedelia trilobata (leaves)	112.20 ± 2.87 μg/mL	-	[141]
	Wedtriloside B		87.10 ± 1.89 μg/mL
Abietane diterpene	Carnosol	Salvia aurita (aerial part)	19.8 ± 1.4 µg/mL	10.2 ± 0.6 µg/mL	[142]
	12-methoxycarnosic acid		16.2 ± 0.3 µg/mL
Pentacyclic triterpenoid	Oleanolic acid	Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (fruit)	89.02 ± 1.12 µM	-	[143]
Triterpenoid	Glochidon	Phyllanthus debilis	38.15 ± 1.40 μM	33.68 ± 3.12 μM	[144]
Triterpenoid saponin	Ligularoside A	Passiflora ligularis Juss (leaves)	409.8 ± 11.4 μM	234.1 ± 15.9 μM	[145]
Phenylpropanoids	Jionoside D	Clerodendrum infortunatum L.	3.4 ± 0.2 μM	5.9 ± 0.1 μM	[146]
Polysaccharides	WSRP-2a	Rosa setate × Rosa rugosa (waste biomass)	3.41 mg/mL	0.57 mg/mL	[147]
	WSRP-2b		1.72 mg/mL
	PD-1	Porphyra spp.	12.72 mg/mL		[128]
	SGP-1-1	Siraitia grosvenorii	61.73% at 1 mg/mL		[148]
	LLP50 (polysaccharides fraction)	Lycium barbarum (leaves)	1.659 mg/mL	0.0002 mg/mL	[149]
	Xyloglucan	Tamarindus indica L	72.49 ± 0.84%	92.49 ± 1.97%	[150]
Phenolic acid and its derivatives	Ellagic acid	Quercus variabilis Blume	0.19 ± 0.02 μg/mL	0.24 μg/mL	[74]
	Rosmaric acid	Anchusa officinalis	0.92 ± 0.07 μg/mL	17.68 ± 1.24 μg/mL	[76]
	Chlorogenic acid		1.84 ± 0.05 μg/mL
	p-Coumaric acid	Agave americana L.	10.16 μM	-	[137]
Ellagitannins	Chingiitannin A	Rubus chingii Hu (unripe fruit/n-BuOH fraction)	4.52 ± 0.30 μM	35.71 ± 4.93 μM	[151]
	Lambertianin A		10.32 ± 0.10 μM
	Sanguiin H-6		11.00 ± 0.21 μM
Gallotanins	1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose	Rhus coriaria (leaves)	6.32 ± 0.18 μM	10.69 ± 0.50 μM	[70]
Dihydrostilbene glycosides	Sasastilboside A	Camellia sasanqua Thunb (leaves)	53.7 ± 1.6 μM	-	[152]
Proanthocyanidins	Chinese bayberry leaves proanthocyanidins	Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. (leaves)	3.075 ± 0.073 μg/mL	-	[153]
Phenolic	Dehydrodieugenol B	Ocimum tenuiflorum	29.6 μM	13.85 μM	[154]
Coumarin	Halfordin	Melicope latifolia	197.53 µM	282.39 ± 8.14 µM	[71]
Alkaloids	3,3′,5,5′,8-pentamethyl-3,3′-bis(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-3,3′,11,11′-tetrahydro-10,10′-bipyrano[3,2-a]carbazole	Murraya koenigii (L.)	30.32 ± 0.34 ppm	-	[155]
	Berberine	Cardiospermum halicacabum	72% at 10 μg/mL		[156]
Pregnane glycosides	Drevoluoside Q	Dregea volubilis (leaves)	51.3 ± 2.1 µM	36.3 ± 0.5 µM	[157]
	Gymsyloside B	Gymnema sylvestre (leaves)	175.8 ± 2.3 µM	72.4 ± 0.8 µM	[158]
	Gymsyloside C		162.2 ± 2.7 µM
	Gymsyloside D		113.0 ± 0.7 µM
Prenylated xanthones	Mangoxanthone A	Garcinia mangostana (pericarp)	22.74 ± 2.07 µM	-	[159]
Xanthone	Garcixanthone D	Garcinia mangostana (pericarp)	93.8%	96.4%	[160]
	Garcinone E		85.6%
Xanthophyll	Fucoxanthin	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	28.38 ± 0.67 mmol/L	25.01 ± 1.38 mmol/L	[161]
Fatty acid	5,7-dihydroxy-6-oxoheptadecanoic acid	Tiliacora triandra	26.27 ± 1.11 μM.	177.65 ± 0.88 μM	[162]
Phytosterols	β-Sitosterol	Parthenium hysterophorus (leaves)	42.30% (at 400 µg/mL)	-	[163]