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. 2023 Aug 11;10(8):519. doi: 10.3390/vetsci10080519

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Bovine colostrum exerts immunomodulatory and chemoprotective activity on the Caco-1/THP-1 macrophage co-culture system. Panel (A) shows the morphological changes of Caco-2, THP-1, and co-cultures during the stimulation with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and treatment with bovine colostrum (COL). Scale bar represents 100 µm. Panel (B) shows the effects of bovine colostrum on PMA-induced cytokine production by Caco-2/THP-1 macrophage co-culture. Panel (C) shows the effects of bovine colostrum on PMA-induced LDH release and transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) changes. Panel (D) demonstrates the effect of various treatments of bovine colostrum on the ability to suppress IL-6 production by Caco-2/THP-1 cells. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). ns—non-significant.