Table 2.
Summary of prior FEA for CFS compression members at steady-state condition.
| Research | Year | CFS Section | Steel Grade | Tempera-ture Range | FEM Software/Shell Element/Mesh Size | Support Condition | Property Investigated | Design Predictions Checked |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kumar et al. [22] | 2023 | Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) | YSt-355FR (0.1% Mo) | 20°C–800 °C | ABAQUS/C3D8R/10 × 10mm | Fixed Ends | Axial Capacity | EC3 [23] |
| Liu et al. [24] | 2022 | Square Hollow Section (SHS), RHS | Austenitic stainless steel SUS316 | 20°C–900 °C | ABAQUS/S4R/20 × 20mm | Released rotation at minor axis for both ends, but axial displacement released in one end | Bearing Capacity | EN1993-1-2 [23] |
| Fang and Chan [25] | 2022 | SHS, RHS | S355, S450, S700, S900 | 20°C–800 °C | ABAQUS/S4R/Same with sample plate thickness (4–10 mm) | Fixed Ends, Pinned Ends | Axial Capacity | EN1993-1-2 [23], AISC 360 [1] |
| Yan and Gernay [26] | 2022 | RHS, SHS | Dual Phase-700, Martensitic-1200, G450 | 20°C–700 °C | SAFIR/not stated/3 × 3mm, 10 × 10mm | Fixed Ends | Local buckling capacity | AISI S100–16 DSM [27] |
| Fang et al. [28] | 2022 | Back-to-back Channel Sections | G250 | 20°C–700 °C | ABAQUS/S4R/5 × 5mm and 10 × 10mm | Pinned Ends | Axial Capacity | AS/NZS 4600 – EWM and DSM [29], AISI S100-16 [27] |
| Rahnavard et al. [30] | 2022 | Concrete filled built-up Section: 2C + 2U and 2C+2U Partially Embedded | S280GD + Z | 20°C–700 °C | ABAQUS/DC2D4/not stated | Not Stated | Concrete and Steel Temperatures | EN1994-1-2 [31] |
| Bicelli et al. [32] | 2021 | Channel, Lipped Channel, Hat, Rack, Sigma | G250, G450, G550 | 20°C–800 °C | ANSYS/SHELL181/5 × 5mm | Fixed Ends | Flexural-torsional behavior | Dinis et al.’s Modified DSM [33] |
| Huang et al. [34] | 2021 | SHS, RHS | Austenitic (EN1.4301), duplex (EN1.4462), and lean duplex (EN1.4162) | 24°C–960 °C | ABAQUS/S4R/10 × 10mm | Not Stated | Beam-Column Capacity | ASCE 8-02 [35],AS/NZS 4673 [36], EC3 Part 1.2 [23], EC3 Part 1.4 [37], Arrayago et al.’s DSM [38] |
| Research | Year | CFS Section | Steel Grade | Tempera-ture Range | FEM Software/Shell Element/Mesh Size | Support Condition | Property Investigated | Design Predictions Checked |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arrais et al. [39] | 2021 | Lipped Channel, Sigma | 280, 320, 355 and 460 MPa | 350 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C | SAFIR/not stated/not stated | Pinned Ends | Ultimate load-bearing capacity | EC3: Part 1–2 - Annex E [40],EC3: Part 1–2 - French National Annex [44] |
| Rokilan and Mahendran [45] | 2021 | Lipped Channel | G150, G250, G450, G550 | 20°C–700 °C | ABAQUS/S4/3 × 3mm | Fixed Ends | Proportional limit stress - yield strength nonlinearity relation, stress, local buckling capacity | AS/NZS 4600 - EWM and DSM [32] |
| Rokilan and Mahendran [46] | 2021 | Lipped Channel, SHS | G150, G250, G450, G550 | 20°C–700 °C | ABAQUS/S4/5 × 5mm, 5 × 10mm | Fixed and Pinned Ends | Global buckling behavior, axial capacity | AS/NZS 4600 [32],AS/NZS 4100 [47],EN1993-1-2 [27] |
| Yang et al. [41] | 2020 | Built-up box sections (2C and 2U) | Q345 | 20°C–800 °C | ABAQUS/S4R, DS4 and DC2D4/10mmx10mm | Fixed Ends | Axial restraint, load ratio, rotational restraint influence on fire resistance | NONE |
| Mohammed and Afshan [42] | 2019 | SHS, RHS, Circular Hollow Section (CHS) | Ferritic (EN 1.4003), Duplex, and Austenitic (EN 1.4301) Stainless | 20°C–800 °C | ABAQUS/S4R and DS4/minimum of 10 elements across plates | Fixed and Pinned Ends | Flexural buckling capacity | EN1993-1-2 [27],SCI Stainless Steel Design Manual [43] |
| Huang and Young [44] | 2019 | SHS, RHS | Lean Duplex Stainless Steel (EN 1.4162) |
24°C–900 °C | ABAQUS/S4R/not stated | Pinned Ends | Axial Capacity | AS/NZS 4673 [39],ASCE 8-02 [38],AISI S100 -DSM [23],EC3: Part 1–4 [45] |
| Landesman et al. [46] | 2019 | Lipped Channel, Rack section | 550 MPa | 20°C–600 °C | ANSYS/SHELL 181/not stated | Fixed Ends | Distortional ultimate Stress | Current DSM Methods [47] |