Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Comparing Participants With and without Microvascular Injury-Related Biomarker Data, TRACK-TBI Pilot Study
| Biomarker data available* (n = 159) | Biomarker data not available (n = 427) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 44.3 (18.0) | 43.0 (18.7) | 0.338 |
| Female, n (%) | 56 (35.2) | 111 (26.0) | 0.031 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.895 | ||
| White | 130 (81.8) | 341 (79.9) | |
| Black | 12 (7.6) | 38 (8.9) | |
| Other | 17 (10.7) | 48 (11.2) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 25 (16.0) | 59 (14.0) | 0.510 |
| Study site, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| University of California San Francisco | 104 (65.4) | 222 (52.0) | |
| University of Pittsburg Medical Center | 39 (30.8) | 131 (30.7) | |
| University Medical Center Brackenridge | 6 (3.8) | 74 (17.3) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.653 | ||
| <High school | 18 (11.9) | 50 (12.4) | |
| High school, GED, or equivalent | 92 (60.9) | 228 (56.4) | |
| Some college or above | 41 (27.2) | 126 (31.2) | |
| Pre-injury employment, n (%) | 0.332 | ||
| Full-time | 59 (38.8) | 160 (40.0) | |
| Part-time | 19 (12.5) | 73 (18.3) | |
| Unemployed | 38 (25.0) | 82 (20.5) | |
| Retired/disabled/student | 36 (23.7) | 85 (21.3) | |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 59 (37.1) | 132 (30.9) | 0.166 |
| Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 91 (57.2) | 249 (58.3) | 0.851 |
| Current illicit drug use, n (%) | 51 (32.1) | 111 (26.0) | 0.147 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 43 (27.0) | 105 (24.6) | 0.593 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 16 (10.1) | 36 (8.4) | 0.518 |
| Depression, n (%) | 42 (26.4) | 87 (20.4) | 0.118 |
| Prior TBI, n (%) | 71 (47.3) | 190 (47.1) | 0.544 |
| TBI Severity, n (%) | 0.174 | ||
| Mild (GCS 13-15) | 123 (78.9) | 357 (84.0) | |
| Moderate/Severe (GCS 3-12) | 33 (21.2) | 68 (16.0) | |
| Injury cause, n (%) | 0.705 | ||
| Motor vehicle crash (occupant) | 38 (24.1) | 99 (23.3) | |
| Motor vehicle crash (bicyclist/pedestrian) | 31 (19.6) | 68 (16.0) | |
| Motorcycle crash | 6 (3.8) | 24 (5.7) | |
| Fall | 57 (36.1) | 145 (34.1) | |
| Assault | 22 (13.9) | 72 16.9) | |
| Other | 4 (2.5) | 17 (4.0) | |
| Loss of consciousness, n (%) | 101 (64.3) | 302 (71.6) | 0.237 |
| Post-traumatic amnesia, n (%) | 85 (54.1) | 249 (59.0) | 0.540 |
| Head CT positive for acute intracranial injury, n (%) | 79 (49.7) | 211 (49.4) | >0.99 |
| Injury severity score, mean (SD) | 12.3 (11.2) | 11.6 (11.5) | 0.357 |
The following variables contained missing data among the 159 participants with biomarker data included in the present analyses: Hispanic ethnicity (n = 3), education (n = 8), employment (n = 7), APOE ɛ4 genotype (n = 18), TBI severity (n = 3), injury cause (n = 1), loss of consciousness (n = 2), post-traumatic amnesia (n = 2).
TRACK-TBI, Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury; SD, standard deviation; GED, general educational development; TBI, traumatic brain injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; CT, computed tomography; APOE, apolipoprotein.