Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics Comparing Participants With and Without 3- and 6-Month GOSE Outcomes
| 3-Month GOSE Available (n = 127) | 3-Month GOSE Not Available (n = 32) | p Value | 6-Month GOSE Available (n = 119) | 6-Month GOSE Not Available (n = 40) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 45.8 (18.2) | 38.6 (15.7) | 0.046 | 45.8 (19.0) | 40.0 (13.8) | 0.119 |
| Female, n (%) | 47 (37.0) | 9 (28.1) | 0.411 | 45 (37.8) | 11 (27.5) | 0.258 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.795 | 0.737 | ||||
| White | 105 (82.7) | 25 (78.1) | 98 (82.4) | 32 (80.0) | ||
| Black | 9 (7.1) | 3 (9.4) | 8 (6.7) | 4 (10.0) | ||
| Other | 13 (10.2) | 4 (12.5) | 13 (10.9) | 4 (10.0) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 19 (15.3) | 6 (18.8) | 0.599 | 18 (15.5) | 7 (17.5) | 0.804 |
| Study Site, n (%) | 0.526 | 0.232 | ||||
| University of California San Francisco | 85 (66.9) | 19 (59.4) | 77 (64.7) | 27 (67.5) | ||
| University of Pittsburg Medical Center | 38 (29.9) | 11 (34.4) | 39 (32.8) | 10 (25.0) | ||
| University Medical Center Brackenridge | 4 (3.2) | 2 (6.3) | 3 (2.5) | 3 (7.5) | ||
| Education, n (%) | 0.006 | 0.037 | ||||
| < High school | 9 (7.4) | 9 (31.0) | 9 (8.0) | 9 (23.7) | ||
| High school, GED, or equivalent | 77 (63.1) | 15 (51.7) | 70 (62.0) | 22 (57.9) | ||
| Some college or above | 36 (29.5) | 5 (17.24) | 34 (30.1) | 7 (18.4) | ||
| Pre-injury employment, n (%) | 0.075 | 0.743 | ||||
| Full-time | 51 (41.5) | 8 (27.6) | 46 (40.4) | 13 (34.2) | ||
| Part-time | 18 (14.6) | 1 (3.5) | 15 (13.2) | 4 (10.5) | ||
| Unemployed | 27 (22.0) | 11 (37.9) | 26 (22.8) | 12 (31.6) | ||
| Retired/disabled/student | 27 (22.0) | 9 (31.0) | 27 (23.7) | 9 (23.7) | ||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 44 (34.7) | 15 (46.9) | 0.223 | 40 (33.6) | 19 (47.5) | 0.132 |
| Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 72 (56.7) | 19 (59.4) | 0.843 | 67 (56.3) | 24 (60.0) | 0.716 |
| Current illicit drug use, n (%) | 37 (29.1) | 14 (43.8) | 0.139 | 40 (33.6) | 11 (27.5) | 0.559 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 34 (26.8) | 9 (28.1) | >0.999 | 33 (27.7) | 10 (25.0) | 0.838 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 13 (10.2) | 3 (9.4) | >0.999 | 12 (10.1) | 4 (10.0) | >0.999 |
| Depression, n (%) | 34 (26.8) | 8 (25.0) | >0.999 | 33 (27.7) | 9 (22.5) | 0.679 |
| Prior TBI, n (%) | 57 (46.3) | 14 (51.9) | 0.667 | 54 (46.6) | 17 (50.0) | 0.599 |
| APOE ɛ4 genotype, n (%) | 0.653 | 0.273 | ||||
| 0 APOE ɛ4 alleles | 83 (72.8) | 18 (66.7) | 80 (74.1) | 21 (63.6) | ||
| 1 or 2 APOE ɛ4 alleles | 31 (27.2) | 9 (33.3) | 28 (25.9) | 12 (36.4) | ||
| TBI Severity, n (%) | 0.541 | 0.177 | ||||
| Mild (GCS 13-15) | 99 (79.2) | 24 (77.4) | 89 (76.1) | 34 (87.2) | ||
| Moderate/severe (GCS 3-12) | 26 (20.8) | 7 (22.6) | 28 (23.9) | 5 (12.8) | ||
| Injury cause, n (%) | 0.045 | 0.313 | ||||
| Car accident (occupant) | 31 (24.4) | 7 (22.6) | 28 (23.5) | 10 (25.6) | ||
| Car accident (bicyclist/pedestrian) | 27 (21.3) | 4 (12.9) | 23 (19.3) | 8 (20.5) | ||
| Motorcycle accident | 6 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Fall | 48 (37.8) | 9 (29.0) | 46 (38.7) | 11 (28.2) | ||
| Assault | 12 (9.5) | 10 (32.3) | 13 (10.9) | 9 (23.1) | ||
| Other | 3 (2.4) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (2.6) | ||
| Loss of consciousness, n (%) | 83 (66.4) | 18 (56.3) | 0.280 | 77 (65.8) | 24 (60.0) | 0.788 |
| Post-traumatic amnesia, n (%) | 68 (54.4) | 17 (53.1) | 0.541 | 60 (51.3) | 25 (62.5) | 0.307 |
| Head CT positive for acute intracranial injury, n (%) | 65 (51.2) | 14 (43.8) | 0.554 | 62 (52.1) | 17 (42.5) | 0.361 |
| Injury severity score, mean (SD) | 13.0 (11.5) | 9.6 (9.7) | 0.118 | 13.2 (11.5) | 9.7 (9.9) | 0.082 |
The following variables contained missing data: Hispanic ethnicity (n = 3), education (n = 8), employment (n = 7), APOE ɛ4 genotype (n = 18), TBI severity (n = 3), injury cause (n = 1), loss of consciousness (n = 2), post-traumatic amnesia (n = 2).
GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended; SD, standard deviation; GED, general educational development; TBI, traumatic brain injury; APOE, apolipoprotein; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; CT, computed tomography.