Table 3.
Associations of Microvascular Injury-Related Biomarkers With Indices of TBI Severity
| GCS 3-12 vs. 13-15 |
Head CT positive vs. negative |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Age Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted AUC (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Age Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted AUC (95% CI) | |
| A priori hypothesized | ||||||
| vWF | 1.31 (0.77, 2.22) | 1.27 (0.75, 2.16) | 0.62 (0.53, 0.70) | 1.75 (1.14, 2.70)* | 1.62 (1.04, 2.54) | 0.60 (0.46, 0.75) |
| Thrombomodulin | 4.16 (1.25, 13.86) | 4.14 (1.12, 15.63) | 0.56 (0.47, 0.65) | 1.80 (0.72, 4.54) | 1.17 (0.44, 3.12) | 0.59 (0.44, 0.74) |
| Ang-1 | 0.84 (0.60, 1.19) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.21) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.75) | 0.61 (0.45, 0.83)* | 0.63 (0.46, 0.85)* | 0.59 (0.44, 0.73) |
| Ang-2 | 3.37 (1.75, 6.49)* | 3.39 (1.73, 6.66)* | 0.59 (0.50, 0.68) | 1.44 (0.88, 2.35) | 1.22 (0.73, 2.03) | 0.68 (0.55, 0.82) |
| c-Fibronectin | 1.91 (0.80, 4.57) | 1.91 (0.79, 4.59) | 0.53 (0.43, 0.63) | 1.26 (0.63, 2.52) | 1.25 (0.61, 2.57) | 0.59 (0.42, 0.77) |
| Tie-2 | 0.44 (0.17, 1.14) | 0.47 (0.18, 1.27) | 0.62 (0.50, 0.73) | 0.21 (0.08, 0.55)* | 0.26 (0.10, 0.72)* | 0.55 (0.40, 0.69) |
| Exploratory | ||||||
| Flt-1 | 1.93 (1.01, 3.72) | 1.88 (0.97, 3.61) | 0.54 (0.45, 0.63) | 1.15 (0.68, 1.96) | 1.08 (0.62, 1.87) | 0.50 (0.35, 0.64) |
| PIGF | 1.40 (0.64, 3.30) | 1.33 (0.60, 2.92) | 0.58 (0.49, 0.67) | 1.41 (0.74, 2.68) | 1.21 (0.63, 2.33) | 0.59 (0.45, 0.73) |
| VEGF-A | 1.23 (0.86, 1.75) | 1.22 (0.86, 1.74) | 0.55 (0.46, 0.67) | 1.18 (0.89, 1.57) | 1.16 (0.86, 1.56) | 0.58 (0.43, 0.73) |
| VEGF-C | 0.88 (0.56, 1.40) | 0.91 (0.57, 1.46) | 0.55 (0.43, 0.66) | 0.62 (0.42, 0.91)* | 0.66 (0.44, 0.98) | 0.58 (0.44, 0.73) |
| VEGF-D | 0.90 (0.43, 1.88) | 0.83 (0.40, 1.76) | 0.53 (0.41, 0.65) | 1.17 (0.65, 2.12) | 0.95 (0.50, 1.77) | 0.65 (0.51, 0.79) |
| E-Selectin | 1.91 (0.95, 3.86) | 1.97 (0.97, 4.02) | 0.59 (0.48, 0.70) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.80) | 1.09 (0.62, 1.91) | 0.52 (0.37, 0.67) |
| PDGFR-ß | 0.92 (0.50, 1.69) | 0.89 (0.48, 1.64) | 0.54 (0.44, 0.64) | 0.97 (0.59, 1.59) | 0.89 (0.53, 1.48) | 0.54 (0.40, 0.69) |
| P-Selectin | 2.33 (1.11, 4.89) | 2.38 (1.12, 5.04) | 0.65 (0.55, 0.75) | 1.42 (0.78, 2.58) | 1.47 (0.79, 2.71) | 0.47 (0.32, 0.61) |
| VCAM-1 | 1.14 (0.42, 3.12) | 1.03 (0.38, 2.82) | 0.53 (0.42, 0.63) | 0.59 (0.25, 1.39) | 0.36 (0.13, 0.98) | 0.56 (0.42, 0.71) |
| bFGF | 0.84 (0.61, 1.15) | 0.83 (0.61, 1.15) | 0.58 (0.47, 0.69) | 0.62 (0.47, 0.82)* | 0.61 (0.46, 0.81)* | 0.62 (0.47, 0.76) |
| Principal Components Analysis | ||||||
| PC1 | 0.85 (0.54, 1.27) | 0.83 (0.53, 1.25) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.88) | 0.60 (0.42, 0.84) | 0.63 (0.44, 0.88) | 0.73 (0.59, 0.86) |
| PC2 | 2.19 (1.47, 3.42) | 2.29 (1.49, 3.69) | 1.75 (1.25, 2.51) | 1.59 (1.11, 2.32) | ||
Denotes associations with individual biomarkers where p < 0.05 after false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons.
Bolded data represents p < 0.05.
Sample size for c-Fibronectin is 135; sample size for all other biomarkers and principal components analysis is 159. OR is expressed per 1 log unit increase in each biomarker or 1 unit PC score. Individual models were run for each biomarker separately. PC1 and PC2 were included in the same model.
TBI, traumatic brain injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; CT, computed tomography; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AUC, area under the curve; vWF, von Willebrand factor; Ang, angiopoietin; PIGF, placental growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; PC, principal component.