Table 4.
Unadjusted Associations (OR [95% CIs]) of Microvascular Injury-Related Biomarkers With Vascular-Related CT and MRI Findings
| CT contusion (yes vs. no) | CT subdural hemorrhage (yes vs. no) | CT subarachnoid hemorrhage (yes vs. no) | CT intraventricular hemorrhage (yes vs. no) | CT diffuse axonal injury (yes vs. no) | MRI positive vs. negative | MRI microhemorrhage (yes vs. no) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A priori hypothesized | |||||||
| vWF | 1.21 (0.72, 2.02) | 2.20 (1.29, 3.75) | 1.44 (0.92, 2.26) | 2.89 (1.05, 7.95) | 1.13 (0.54, 2.34) | 1.55 (0.84, 2.84) | 1.16 (0.65, 2.08) |
| Thrombomodulin | 0.98 (0.33, 2.95) | 2.09 (0.72, 6.06) | 3.38 (1.18, 9.65) | 42.72 (4.61, 396.20)* | 0.86 (0.18, 4.08) | 1.75 (0.47, 6.57) | 1.36 (0.37, 5.04) |
| Ang-1 | 0.67 (0.47, 0.96) | 0.72 (0.52, 1.00) | 0.73 (0.54, 1.00) | 0.70 (0.39, 1.25) | 1.04 (0.63, 1.71) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | 0.70 (0.44, 1.10) |
| Ang-2 | 1.57 (0.87, 2.84) | 1.76 (1.01, 3.09) | 1.89 (1.11, 3.23) | 1.96 (0.76, 5.08) | 0.32 (0.13, 0.82) | 2.20 (0.94, 5.16) | 1.39 (0.63, 3.06) |
| c-Fibronectin | 1.11 (0.49, 2.55) | 0.68 (0.32, 1.46) | 1.59 (0.76, 3.33) | 0.79 (0.20, 3.10) | 1.25 (0.38, 4.12) | 1.88 (0.65, 5.44) | 2.13 (0.72, 6.27) |
| Tie-2 | 0.43 (0.17, 1.10) | 0.55 (0.23, 1.32) | 0.63 (0.27, 1.43) | 0.39 (0.11, 1.42) | 0.46 (0.14, 1.48) | 0.57 (0.15, 2.10) | 0.46 (0.13, 1.68) |
| Exploratory | |||||||
| Flt-1 | 1.39 (0.73, 2.65) | 1.32 (0.72, 2.42) | 1.84 (1.02, 3.23) | 0.81 (0.27, 2.46) | 0.45 (0.17, 1.19) | 0.86 (0.37, 2.01) | 0.73 (0.31, 1.71) |
| PIGF | 1.07 (0.49, 2.33) | 1.53 (0.74, 3.18) | 1.76 (0.88, 3.52) | 2.14 (0.62, 7.32) | 0.88 (0.29, 2.69) | 1.73 (0.67, 4.47) | 1.69 (0.67, 4.26) |
| VEGF-A | 1.32 (0.93, 1.89) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.48) | 1.20 (0.89, 1.63) | 1.21 (0.67, 2.17) | 1.25 (0.75, 2.06) | 1.26 (0.81, 1.97) | 1.04 (0.68, 1.60) |
| VEGF-C | 0.76 (0.47, 1.22) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.14) | 0.77 (0.51, 1.16) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.92) | 1.07 (0.56, 2.05) | 0.78 (0.45, 1.37) | 0.55 (0.29, 1.01) |
| VEGF-D | 0.73 (0.34, 1.56) | 0.80 (0.40, 1.60) | 1.44 (0.77, 2.69) | 3.02 (1.08, 8.39) | 1.16 (0.42, 3.19) | 2.75 (0.87, 8.74) | 2.90 (0.91, 9.22) |
| E-Selectin | 1.60 (0.80, 3.19) | 1.12 (0.60, 2.09) | 1.70 (0.93, 3.11) | 3.03 (0.91, 10.16) | 0.84 (0.32, 2.16) | 1.04 (0.45, 2.36) | 0.85 (0.38, 1.93) |
| PDGFR-ß | 0.86 (0.47, 1.57) | 1.21 (0.68, 2.14) | 1.13 (0.66, 1.91) | 1.17 (0.42, 3.30) | 0.82 (0.35, 1.94) | 0.80 (0.36, 1.79) | 0.66 (0.30, 1.46) |
| P-Selectin | 1.71 (0.84, 3.49) | 1.20 (0.62, 2.33) | 2.24 (1.15, 4.36) | 2.23 (0.76, 6.58) | 0.70 (0.25, 1.99) | 1.37 (0.59, 3.18) | 0.80 (0.35, 1.81) |
| VCAM-1 | 0.53 (0.19, 1.50) | 0.97 (0.38, 2.48) | 1.45 (0.60, 3.52) | 0.55 (0.30, 0.99) | 0.49 (0.35, 0.94) | 1.03 (0.28, 3.79) | 0.69 (0.19, 2.54) |
| bFGF | 0.73 (0.53, 1.01) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | 0.39 (0.11, 1.42) | 0.46 (0.14, 1.48) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.11) | 0.65 (0.13, 1.68) |
| Principal Components Analysis | |||||||
| PC1 | 0.75 (0.48, 1.13) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) | 0.36 (0.10, 0.91) | 0.75 (0.40, 1.32) | 0.67 (0.39, 1.11) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.85) |
| PC2 | 1.43 (1.98, 2.10) | 1.55 (1.08, 2.25) | 2.00 (1.40, 2.95) | 2.40 (1.26, 4.96) | 0.75 (0.41, 1.29) | 1.95 (1.12, 3.72) | 1.74 (1.03, 3.20) |
Denotes associations with individual biomarkers where p < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons.
Bolded data represents p < 0.05.
Sample size for c-Fibronectin is 135 and sample size for all other biomarkers and principal components analysis is 159 for CT Findings. Sample size for c-Fibronectin is 53 and sample size for all other biomarkers and principal components analysis is 123 for MRI Findings. OR is expressed per 1 log unit increase in each biomarker or 1 unit PC score. Individual models were run for each biomarker separately. PC1 and PC2 were included in the same model.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; vWF, von Willebrand factor; Ang, angiopoietin; PIGF, placental growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; PC, principal component.