Table 1.

Metabolites involved in migraine pain reduction and microbes associated with the production of these metabolites.

Produced Metabolite	Connected Bacteria
Butyrate	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Coprococus spp., Roseburia spp., Lachnosiraceae spp., Clostridial Clusters IV and XIVa and Eubacterium hallii,
Propionate	Bacteroides vulgatus, B. uniformis, Alistipes putredinis, Prevotella copri, Roseburia inulinivorans, Veilonella spp., and Akkermansia mucinophila
GABA and acetylcholine	Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium ssp.
Serotonin	Holdemania spp., Tyzzerella spp., Desulfovibrio spp., Yersinia spp., Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., Ruminococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Escherichia coli
Tryptophan	Actinobacteria spp., Firmicutes spp., Bacteroidetes spp., Proteobacteria spp. and Fusobacteria spp.