FIGURE 5.

Therapeutic strategies for cold and hot tumors. For hot tumors with high PD‐L1 expression and MSI‐H, single immunotherapy can show amazing efficacy, while for cold tumors with low PD‐L1 expression and MSI‐L, single immunotherapy cannot achieve satisfactory efficacy. How to convert a cold tumor into a hot tumor is crucial. Combined immunotherapy strategy is an important method for cold tumor treatment, including immunotherapies combined with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, double immunotherapy, oncolytic virus, cancer vaccine, cytokines, traditional medicine, intestinal flora, and so on, are all clinically available combination methods.