Table 1.

Anti-VEGF therapies.

Drug	Structure	Target	Standard Dose	FDA-Approved Clinical Indications	Landmark Clinical Trials	FDA Approval Date
Pegaptanib	28 nucleotide RNA aptamer with a 5’-attachment of polyethylene glycol	VEGF-A165	0.3 mg/0.09 mL	AMD	AMD: VISION [62]	2004
Bevacizumab	Recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody	All isoforms of VEGF-A	1.25 mg/0.05 mL	Off-label for ophthalmic use	AMD: CATT [71] DME: BOLT [69], BEVORDEX [70]	Off-label for ophthalmic use
Ranibizumab	Recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG1 kappa antibody fragment	All isoforms of VEGF-A	0.3 mg/0.05 mL or 0.5 mg/0.05 mL	AMD, DR, DME, ME due to RVO, myopic choroidal neovascularization	AMD: MARINA [81], ANCHOR [82] DME: RISE, RIDE [48] RVO: BRAVO, CRUISE [51]	2006
Aflibercept	Soluble decoy receptor comprised of an Fc fragment of IgG1 fused to binding domains of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2	All isoforms of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor	2.0 mg/0.05 mL	AMD, DR, DME, ME due to RVO, retinopathy of prematurity	AMD: VIEW 1, VIEW 2 [90] DME: VISTA, VIVID [91] RVO: COPERNICUS, GALILEO [92]	2011
Brolucizumab	Humanized monoclonal single-chain variable fragment (scFv)	All isoforms of VEGF-A	6.0 mg/0.05 mL	AMD, DME	AMD: HAWK, HARRIER [98] DME: KESTREL, KITE [102]	2019
Faricimab	IgG1-derived bispecific monoclonal antibody	Angiopoietin-2 and all isoforms of VEGF-A	6.0 mg/0.05 mL	AMD, DME	AMD: TENAYA, LUCERNE [108] DME: RHINE, YOSEMITE [109]	2022