Table 2.
Summary of the included TND studies.
| Author | Country | Season | Vaccine | VE 100 (95% CI) | n | Strain Match | Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kissling 2023 [40] | Europe | 2021–2022 | QIV and LAIV | 41 (25–64) | 6876 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Tenforde 2023 [41] | USA | 2021–2022 | QIV | 29 (24–33) | 59,150 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kim 2022 [42] | Canada | 2021–2022 | QIV | 53 (−35–84) | 176 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Price 2022 [43] | USA | 2021–2022 | QIV | 44 (22–59) | 1850 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Richard 2022 [44] | USA | 2012–2013 | LAIV | 14 (0–27) | 2580 | Mismatched | PCR, RT, culture |
| Richard 2022 [44] | USA | 2013–2014 | LAIV | –6 (−24–10) | 2613 | Mismatched | PCR, RT |
| Richard 2022 [44] | USA | 2014–2015 | LAIV | 6 (−5–16) | 4715 | Mismatched | PCR, RT |
| Richard 2022 [44] | USA | 2012–2013 | TIV | 23 (9–36) | 2311 | Mismatched | PCR, RT |
| Richard 2022 [44] | USA | 2013–2014 | TIV | 33 (21–44) | 2517 | Mismatched | PCR, RT |
| Richard 2022 [44] | USA | 2014–2015 | TIV | 13 (3–22) | 5043 | Mismatched | PCR, RT |
| Sominina 2021 [45] | Russia | 2018–2019 | TIV | 62 (16–83) | 925 | Matched | PCR |
| Hyder 2021 [46] | India | 2017–2018 | QIV | 24 (−68–66) | 547 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Hyder 2021 [46] | India | 2018–2019 | QIV | 49 (−76–85) | 306 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Stuurmann 2021 [47] | Europe | 2019–2020 | TIV and QIV | 29 (−5–52) | 1055 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Stuurman 2021 [47] | Europe | 2019–2020 | TIV and QIV | 30 (−35–64) | 2041 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Grijalva 2021 [48] | USA | 2019–2020 | TIV and QIV | 38 (−22–68) | 638 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Grijalva 2021 [48] | USA | 2019–2020 | TIV and QIV | 80 (63–89) | Unclear | Mismatched | PCR |
| Hu 2021 [49] | USA | 2019–2020 | Unclear | 46 (36–55) | 5817 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Martin 2020 [50] | USA | 2016–2017 | QIV | 31 (12–45) | 2605 | Matched | PCR |
| Martin 2020 [50] | USA | 2017–2018 | QIV | 34 (22–45) | 3524 | Matched | PCR |
| Stuurman 2020 [51] | Europe | 2018–2019 | QIV | 40 (2–63) | 1095 | Matched | PCR, RT |
| Stuurman 2020 [51] | Europe | 2018–2019 | QIV | 45 (18–63) | 2036 | Matched | PCR, RT |
| Rizzo 2020 [52] | Italy | 2018–2019 | QIV | 40 (19–56) | 290 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Qahtami 2020 [53] | Saudi Arabia | 2018–2019 | TIV | 42 (14–64) | 556 | Unclear | PCR |
| Redlberger–Fritz 2020 [54] | Austria | 2016–2017 | QIV, TIV, aTIV, LAIV | −7 (−132–51) | 492 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Redlberger–Fritz 2020 [54] | Austria | 2017–2018 | QIV, TIV, aTIV, LAIV | 19 (−64–60) | 668 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Redlberger–Fritz 2020 [54] | Austria | 2018–2019 | QIV, TIV, aTIV, LAIV | 51 (−1–76) | 614 | Matched | PCR |
| Rose 2020 [55] | Europe | 2019–2020 | QIV, TIV, LAIV | 36 (2–58) | 13,630 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Ando 2019 [56] | Japan | 2018–2019 | QIV | 43 (17–61) | 555 | Unclear | RT |
| Segaloff 2019 [57] | USA | 2014–2015 | TIV | 41 (2–65) | 624 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Segaloff 2019 [57] | USA | 2015–2016 | TIV | 69 (44–82) | 441 | Matched | PCR |
| Flannery 2019 [58] | USA | 2018–2019 | TIV and QIV | 16 (4–26) | 5022 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kissling 2019 [59] | Europe | 2016–2017 | TIV | 34 (19–46) | 5840 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Blanchette 2019 [60] | Canada | 2010–2011 | TIV | 34 (20–40) | 9288 | Unclear | PCR |
| Constantino 2019 [61] | Italia | 2018–2019 | TIV and QIV | 60 (1–83) | 308 | Probable | PCR |
| Pebody 2019 [62] | United Kingdom | 2017–2018 | TIV and QIV | 12 (−17–34) | 1896 | Unclear | PCR |
| Kissling 2019 [63] | Denmark | 2018–2019 | TIV and QIV | 55 (44–64) | 5807 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kissling 2019 [63] | European Union | 2018–2019 | TIV and QIV | 32 (−32–65) | 1142 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kissling 2019 [63] | United Kingdom | 2018–2019 | TIV and QIV | 37 (−20–67) | 575 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kissling 2019 [63] | Denmark | 2018–2019 | TIV and QIV | 39 (2–62) | 727 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Chon 2019 [64] | Japan | 2015–2016 | QIV | −9 (−200–68) | 99 | Unclear | PCR, RT |
| Molgaard–Nielsen 2019 [65] | Denmark | 2010–2011 | TIV | 64 (29–82) | 626 | Unclear | Unclear |
| Regan 2019 [66] | Australia | 2016 | QIV | 31 (3–51) | 713 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Showronski 2019 [67] | Canada | 2017–2018 | Unclear | 63 (46–75) | 946 | Matched | PCR |
| Regan 2019 [68] | Australia | 2012 | TIV | 46 (22–63) | 825 | Unclear | PCR |
| Regan 2019 [68] | Australia | 2013 | TIV | 57 (26–75) | 577 | Unclear | PCR |
| Regan 2019 [68] | Australia | 2014 | TIV | 60 (41–73) | 1112 | Unclear | PCR |
| Regan 2019 [68] | Australia | 2015 | TIV | 50 (32–64) | 1491 | Unclear | PCR |
| Thompson 2018 [69] | USA | 2010–2011 | Unclear | 72 (−5–93) | 167 | Unclear | PCR |
| Thompson 2018 [69] | USA | 2011–2012 | Unclear | 47 (−98–86) | 84 | Unclear | PCR |
| Thompson 2018 [69] | USA | 2012–2013 | Unclear | 23 (−85–68) | 202 | Unclear | PCR |
| Thompson 2018 [69] | USA | 2013–2014 | Unclear | 51 (−30–82) | 200 | Unclear | PCR |
| Thompson 2018 [69] | USA | 2014–2015 | Unclear | 24 (−189–47) | 171 | Unclear | PCR |
| Thompson 2018 [69] | USA | 2015–2016 | Unclear | 40 (−33–72) | 216 | Unclear | PCR |
| Flannery 2018 [70] | USA | 2017–2018 | TIV and QIV | 19 (0–34) | 20,165 | Matched | PCR |
| Flannery 2018 [70] | USA | 2017–2018 | TIV and QIV | 40 (24–53) | 1362 | Matched | PCR |
| Chan 2018 [71] | China | 2017–2018 | TIV and QIV | 71 (42–86) | 383 | Unclear | PCR |
| Seki 2018 [72] | Japan | 2016–2017 | QIV | 36 (−7–62) | 299 | Matched | RT |
| Wu 2018 [73] | China | 2016–2017 | TIV | 4 (−200–76) | 6009 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Yaron–Yakobi 2018 [74] | Israel | 2014–2015 | QIV, TIV, LAIV | −54 (−200–72) | 417 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Yaron–Yakobi 2018 [74] | Israel | 2015–2016 | QIV, TIV, LAIV | 39 (8–60) | 783 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Skowronski 2018 [75] | Canada | 2017–2018 | TIV and QIV | 31 (6–49) | 895 | Unclear | PCR |
| Stein 2017 [76] | Israel | 2016–2017 | TIV and QIV | 12 (−110–64) | 151 | Matched | PCR |
| Stein 2017 [76] | Israel | 2016–2017 | TIV and QIV | 59 (1–83) | 165 | Matched | PCR |
| Pelody 2017 [77] | United Kingdom | 2017–2018 | TIV and QIV | 14 (−7–32) | 1896 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Skowronski 2017 [78] | Canada | 2015–2016 | TIV | 42 (20–59) | 1076 | Matched | PCR |
| Skowronski 2017 [78] | Canada | 2015–2016 | TIV | 32 (−1–54) | 520 | Matched | PCR |
| Kuliese 2017 [79] | Lithuania | 2015–2016 | TIV | 61 (−345–97) | 72 | Unclear | PCR |
| Ma 2017 [80] | China | 2014–2015 | TIV | −60 (−200–50) | 4990 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Seki 2017 [81] | Japan | 2013–2014 | QIV | 56 (21–76) | 262 | Unclear | RT |
| Seki 2017 [81] | Japan | 2014–2015 | QIV | 8 (−64–48) | 235 | Unclear | RT |
| Seki 2017 [81] | Japan | 2015–2016 | QIV | 53 (20–72) | 427 | Matched | RT |
| McAnerney 2016 [82] | South Africa | 2015 | TIV | 54 (−14–82) | 599 | Unclear | PCR |
| Fielding 2016 [83] | Australia | 2015 | TIV | 52 (37–63) | 1492 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Petrie 2016 [84] | USA | 2014–2015 | QIV | 67 (11–88) | 165 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Petrie 2016 [84] | USA | 2014–2015 | QIV | 10 (−127–64) | 239 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Rizzo 2016 [85] | Italy | 2014–2015 | TIV | −6 (−134–52) | 1183 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Lytras 2016 [86] | Greece | 2014–2015 | TIV | 46 (17–65) | 363 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Rondy 2016 [87] | France, Italy e Spain | 2013–2014 | TIV | 43 (−5–69) | 305 | Matched | PCR |
| Gherasim 2016 [88] | Spain | 2014–2015 | TIV | 36 (16–51) | 2957 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Redlberger–Fritz 2016 [89] | Austria | 2014–2015 | TIV | 54 (−15–82) | 532 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kelly 2016 [90] | Australia | 2011 | TIV | −5 (−99–44) | 227 | Matched | PCR |
| Kelly 2016 [90] | Australia | 2011 | TIV | 77 (52–89) | 409 | Matched | PCR |
| Kelly 2016 [90] | Australia | 2012 | TIV | 22 (−20–49) | 415 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kelly 2016 [90] | Australia | 2012 | TIV | 43 (9–64) | 460 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kelly 2016 [90] | Australia | 2013 | TIV | 54 (16–75) | 190 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kelly 2016 [90] | Australia | 2013 | TIV | 58 (12–80) | 258 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Bissielo 2016 [91] | New Zealand | 2015 | TIV | 27 (−8–51) | 618 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Bissielo 2016 [91] | New Zealand | 2015 | TIV | 46 (2–70) | 246 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Cheng 2015 [92] | Australia | 2014 | TIV | 50 (35–61) | 1234 | Matched | PCR |
| Levy 2015 [93] | Thailand | 2009–2010 | TIV | 73 (26–90) | 240 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Levy 2015 [93] | Thailand | 2010–2011 | TIV | 52 (−102–88) | 62 | Matched | PCR |
| Levy 2015 [93] | Thailand | 2011–2012 | TIV | 30 (−200–84) | 129 | Matched | PCR |
| Levy 2015 [93] | Thailand | 2012–2013 | TIV | 59 (16–80) | 411 | Mismatched | PCR |
| McAnerney 2015 [94] | South Africa | 2010 | TIV | 48 (−22–78) | 354 | Matched | PCR |
| McAnerney 2015 [94] | South Africa | 2011 | TIV | 59 (10–81) | 548 | Matched | PCR |
| McAnerney 2015 [94] | South Africa | 2012 | TIV | 67 (−15–91) | 749 | Mismatched | PCR |
| McAnerney 2015 [94] | South Africa | 2013 | TIV | 91 (38–99) | 460 | Matched | PCR |
| McAnerney 2015 [95] | South Africa | 2014 | TIV | 43 (−107–84) | 812 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Rondy 2015 [96] | Europe | 2012–2013 | TIV | 86 (77–92) | 564 | Mismatched | PCR |
| McLean 2015 [97] | USA | 2012–2013 | TIV | 467 | 3307 | Matched | PCR |
| Filipovic 2014 [98] | Croatia | 2010–2011 | TIV | −19 (−200–58) | 240 | Matched | PCR |
| Turner 2014 [99] | New Zealand | 2014 | TIV | 59 (23–79) | 190 | Unclear | PCR |
| Turner 2014 [99] | New Zealand | 2014 | TIV | 57 (28–74) | 498 | Unclear | PCR |
| Levy 2014 [100] | Australia | 2010 | TIV | 60 (0–84) | 355 | Matched | PCR |
| Levy 2014 [100] | Australia | 2011 | TIV | 40 (−21–70) | 348 | Matched | PCR |
| Levy 2014 [100] | Australia | 2012 | TIV | 47 (19–65) | 804 | Matched | PCR |
| Yang 2014 [101] | China | 2012–2013 | TIV | 70 (−159–96) | 1246 | Matched | Virus isolation |
| Sullivan 2014 [102] | Australia | 2012 | TIV | 12 (−21–36) | 926 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Skowronski 2014 [103] | Canada | 2011–2012 | TIV | 56 (26–74) | 975 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Skowronski 2014 [104] | Canada | 2013–2014 | TIV | 70 (53–82) | 562 | Matched | PCR |
| Skowronski 2014 [105] | Canada | 2012–2013 | TIV | 36 (11–54) | 979 | Mismatched | PCR |
| Kavanagh 2013 [106] | Scotland | 2010–2011 | TIV | 100 (−349–100) | 457 | Matched | PCR |
| Castilla 2013 [107] | Spain | 2011–2012 | TIV | 44 (−11–72) | 650 | Matched | PCR |