Table 5.

Significantly elevated biomarkers of exposure effect sizes (expressed relative to the variance) and their 95% confidence intervals for heated tobacco product users compared to smoking abstinence groups (data from Drovandi et al., 2020 [22], Table 2).

Biomarkers of Exposure	Effect Size	p-Value
3-Hydroxypropylmercaptauric acid (3-HPMA)	0.21 (0.02, 0.40)	0.027
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL)	0.11 (0.03, 0.18)	0.005
N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)	0.22 (0.01, 0.43)	0.041
Total nicotine equivalents (TNeq)	1.91 (1.40, 2.41)	<0.001