Table 4.
Studies on various interventions with OO consumption and their beneficial outcomes on mental health and neurodegenerative diseases.
| Study Design | Compound | Intervention | Outcomes/ Biomarkers |
Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCT on 180 elderly individuals, aged ≥ 65 years |
EVOO | 1 year, 2 groups: MedDiet + EVOO (20–30 g/day) and control MedDiet |
Cognitive functions | MedDiet + EVOO resulted in a higher improvement of cognitive functions, compared with MedDiet alone | [103] |
| RCT, parallel on 129 adults with severe obesity, age: 18–65 years old, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 |
EVOO | 12 weeks of intervention, 3 groups: DieTBra, EVOO (52 mL/day) and DieTBra + EVOO (52 mL/day) |
Anxiety and depression | DieTBra and EVOO, alone or in combination, resulted in a significant reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms | [104] |
| Cross-sectional analysis of 166 women aging with HIV | OO | Evaluation within 18 months, women were divided into those who reported using OO and those who did not | Cognitive performance | OO increased their attention/concentration scores | [105] |
| RCT, prospective, longitudinal, double-blind, MICOIL study on 60 patients with mild cognitive impairment, age: 60–80 years old |
High-Phenolic Early Harvest Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (HP-EH-EVOO) Moderate-Phenolic Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (MP-EVOO) |
1 year of intervention, 3 groups: HP-EH-EVOO (50 mL/day), MP-EVOO (50 mL/day) and MedDiet |
Cognitive functions, Apolipoprotein E (APOE-4) (risk gene for AD) |
HP-EH-EVOO or MP-EVOO was associated with significant improvement in cognitive function compared to MedDiet, independent of the presence of APOE-4 | [106] |
| RCT, prospective, longitudinal, double-blind, MICOIL study on 43 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, age: 60–80 years old |
HP-EH-EVOO MP-EVOO |
1 year of intervention, 3 groups: HP-EH-EVOO (50 mL/day), MP-EVOO (50 mL/day) and MedDiet |
Spontaneous Electroencephalography (EEG) dynamic connectivity | Reduced the over excitation of information flow in spontaneous brain activity and increased brain flexibility | [107] |
| RCT, prospective, longitudinal, double-blind, MICOIL study on 80 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, age: 64–80 years old |
EVOO | 1 year of intervention, 2 groups: with EVOO (50 mL/day) and without EVOO |
BMI1, p53, AD biomarkers (tau, p-tau, Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–42/Aβ-40 ratio) |
The administration of EVOO resulted in an increase of BMI1 and a decrease of p53 and AD biomarkers | [108] |
| RCT, prospective, longitudinal, double-blind MICOIL study on 84 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, age: 65–80 years old |
EVOO | 1 year of intervention, 2 groups: with EVOO (50 mL/day) and without EVOO |
Fibrinolytic system factors (PAI-1, α2AP and tPA), MDA |
The administration of EVOO resulted in a reduction of PAI-1, α2AP, tPA, and MDA | [109] |
| RCT on 25 mild cognitive impaired participants | EVOO ROO |
6 months of intervention with a daily intake of 30 mL/day of EVOO (1200 mg/kg total PC; 13 participants) or ROO (no PC; 12 participants) | Clinical dementia rating, behavioral scores, functional connectivity, blood brain barrier connectivity and permeability, brain function, cognitive function, and Alzheimer’s disease blood biomarkers | Daily consumption of EVOO significantly ameliorated the clinical dementia rating and behavioral scores, enhanced the functional connectivity, and decreased the blood–brain barrier permeability. It was concluded that both ROO and EVOO are beneficial with the latter having additional effects due to its bioactive phenolic content. | [110] |
BMI: Body Mass Index; DieTBra: Traditional Brazilian Diet; EVOO: Extra-Virgin Olive Oil; HP-EH-EVOO: High-Polyphenol, Early Harvest Extra-Virgin Olive Oil; HQ-MP-EVOO: Moderate-Polyphenol Extra-Virgin Olive Oil; OO: Olive Oil; PC: Phenolic compounds; RCT: Randomized Control Trial; ROO: Refined Olive Oil.