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. 2023 Aug 16;28(16):6085. doi: 10.3390/molecules28166085

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Gold nanosystems for periodontitis and bacterial biofilms carrying ICG and nitrogen oxides [77]. (B,C) Upconversion nanosystem for dual gas therapy to modulate inflammation and enhance the photodynamic effect of ICG [78]. (D) Antimicrobial system of ICG-generated ROS disrupts bacterial membranes allowing gallium to penetrate the membrane causing disorders of iron metabolism [83]. (E) Therapeutic system for generating high-heat MoS₂ nanosheets loaded with photothermal agents and antimicrobial Ag⁺ [84]. (F) Schematic of glutathione-depleting and hyperthermia-damaging biofilm [85].